I signed up for AT&T Uverse service.  It is a fiber optic service that includes TV and high speed Internet.  The only downside I can see is that it is only available in limited areas.  Click here to check availability.  On the up side, the package I ordered (U-200) has twice the channels, three times the HD channels, more than twice the actual Internet speed (check here to test your Internet speed) of the Road Runner package I had and the AT&T service was at a lower price.  Plus it included a DVDR that can be programmed from the Internet plus two other boxes.  Additional boxes are only $5 per month.  Also, if you include the phone service, you get unlimited local and national calls for a flat fee of $40 per month which was only five cents more than what I was paying.  It include the basic phone line service so it is not in addition to your basic service.

With Road Runner I was paying $54.90 per month for the upgraded 8 mbps Internet speed.  I did a download test and I was only getting about an eighth of that.   With the AT&T Elite Internet service (6 mbps) the download test was more than twice what I was getting with Road Runner probably because you’re not sharing the connection with everyone else on the block.  Click here for a copy.  The cost of the AT&T Elite Internet service was $30 per month with the Uverse TV package.  On top of that, the AT&T Elite Internet service includes free WiFi at places like McDonald's throughout the nation.  Click here for locations.

If you are interested, click here to view the packages.  Click here to order it.  Please enter referral code BE1011442.  You can get $50 for each referral.  See referral program.  It should be an easy sell if it is available if the AT&T fiber optics is available.  Click here for instructions on setting up Windows Remote Desktop with AT&T DSL.

Recent Longevity News for the seven days ending 8/29/07.  You should consult your doctor if you are taking any medications.

Heart Damage Can Be Reversed with Early Treatment - Science Daily, 8/27/07 - "During the first six months of the study, 38 subjects received a placebo, and the other 38 subjects took 160mg of Valsartan, a drug that blocks a hormone that is detrimental to the blood vessels and the heart. During the next six months, both groups took Valsartan ... Those who took the drug for the first six months significantly reduced their Rasmussen Disease Score compared with those who took the placebo. At the 12-month mark -- after both groups were taking the drug -- every patient showed better Rasmussen Disease Scores, effectively demonstrating that Valsartan can slow progression and even reverse early cardiovascular disease in asymptomatic high-risk patients" - Note:  Diovan® (valsartan) is an ARB.

Zinc Linked To Macular Degeneration, Study Suggests - Science Daily, 8/27/07 - "In studying eye tissue samples, the researches found that deposits, that are hallmarks of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), contain large amounts of zinc ... The double-edged sword is that zinc has been found to enhance the immune system, but also could play a role in the advancement of macular degeneration"

Statins May Cut Alzheimer's Disease - WebMD, 8/27/07 - "participants who had taken statins were 80% less likely to have brain changes typical of Alzheimer's disease than those who hadn't taken statins"

The Impact of Low Vitamin D on Cardiovascular Outcomes - Physician's Weekly, 8/27/07 - "serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, or vitamin D, appears to be associated with important cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults ... The adjusted prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and high serum triglyceride levels was significantly higher for patients with lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D"

New Alzheimer's findings: High stress and genetic risk factor lead to increased memory decline - Doctor's Guide, 8/27/07 - "High stress levels may contribute to memory loss among people at risk for developing Alzheimer's disease"

Low selenium levels may be weakening muscles - Nutra USA, 8/27/07 - "people with the lowest plasma concentrations were 69, 94 and 94 per cent more likely to have poor hip, knee, and grip strength, compared to those with the highest selenium levels" - [Abstract]

Oral Sex Implicated in Some Throat and Neck Cancers - washingtonpost.com, 8/27/07 - "Human papillomavirus (HPV), which is believed to be responsible for most cervical cancers, may also be at the root of many cancers of the mouth and throat ... Previous research has found that up to 50 percent of nonsmokers with throat and mouth cancers were infected with HPV" - Maybe it was HPV and not growth hormone that got me.  See my comments at the top of my growth hormone page.

Key Hormone Protects Obese Mice From Diabetes - WebMD, 8/23/07 - "The high levels of adiponectin, however, made the mice physiologically skinny ... This discovery also suggests that in people who have low adiponectin levels fat cells don't send the signal that they're ready to accept fat, Dr. Scherer said. Instead, the fat is stored in dangerous places -- liver, heart and muscle tissues -- where it can cause inflammation and pave the way for disease" - See my adiponectin page for ways to increase it.

Drinking 4 or More Cups of Coffee a Day May Help Prevent Gout - Medscape, 8/23/07 - "the risk for developing gout decreased with increasing coffee consumption. The risk of gout was 40 percent lower for men who drank 4 to 5 cups a day and 59 percent lower for men who drank 6 or more cups a day than for men who never drank coffee"

Calcium Supplements Thwart Bone Loss - WebMD, 8/23/07 - "For best therapeutic effect, we recommend minimum doses of 1200 milligrams [mg] of calcium, and 800 IU [international units] of vitamin D (for combined calcium plus vitamin D supplementation)"

Vitamin K linked to fewer varicose veins, better vascular health - Nutra USA, 8/23/07 - "they suggested that adequate dietary intake of vitamin K may be a necessary prerequisite in preventing the development of varicose veins" - [Abstract] - See vitamin K at Amazon.com.

Soda Warning? High-fructose Corn Syrup Linked To Diabetes, New Study Suggests - Science Daily, 8/23/07 - "high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) ... Chi-Tang Ho, Ph.D., conducted chemical tests among 11 different carbonated soft drinks containing HFCS. He found 'astonishingly high' levels of reactive carbonyls in those beverages. These undesirable and highly-reactive compounds associated with "unbound" fructose and glucose molecules are believed to cause tissue damage ... Ho estimates that a single can of soda contains about five times the concentration of reactive carbonyls than the concentration found in the blood of an adult person with diabetes ... adding epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a compound in tea, significantly reduced the levels of reactive carbonyl species in a dose-dependent manner when added to the carbonated soft drinks studied. In some cases, the levels of reactive carbonyls were reduced by half"

Low Plasma Vitamin D Linked to Increased Risk of Rectal Cancer - Medscape, 8/22/07 - "We calculated the rectal cancer risk of the lowest quartile compared with the combined category of other quartiles in men and women ... These odds ratios were 4.6 in men and 2.7 in women"

Pectin shows potential against prostate cancer - Nutra USA, 8/22/07 - "The new study looked at the effect of different forms of pectin - commercially available fractionated pectin powder (FPP), citrus pectin (CP), and pH-modified CP (PectaSol) - on hormone- (androgen) responsive and androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells ... the FPP induced apoptosis (programmed cell death) by about 40 fold, compared to non-treated cells, for both types of cancer cell"  - [Abstract] - See pectin supplements at Amazon.com.

Green tea may cut oral cancer risk - study - Nutra USA, 8/22/07 - "women who consumed five or more cups of green tea per day had an associated risk reduction of 70 per cent, compared to women who consumed between one and two cups per day" - [Abstract] - See green tea extract at Amazon.com.  My favorite is green tea extract at Amazon.com.

Abstracts from this week's Doctor's Guide Nutrition/Dietetics plus abstracts from my RSS feeds:

Association of low plasma selenium concentrations with poor muscle strength in older community-dwelling adults: the InCHIANTI Study - Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Aug;86(2):347-52 - "participants in the lowest versus the highest quartile of plasma selenium were at higher risk of poor hip strength [odds ratio (OR): 1.69; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.83; P = 0.04, P for linear trend = 0.04], knee strength (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.18, 3.19; P = 0.009, P for linear trend = 0.01), and grip strength (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.19, 3.16; P = 0.008, P for linear trend = 0.08)"

Dehydroepiandrosterone and monoamines in the limbic system of a genetic animal model of childhood depression - Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007 Aug 20 - "The results from the current study may imply that treatment with DHEA could be a promising novel therapeutic option for depressed children and adolescents that fail to respond to common (monoaminergic) antidepressant treatments"

Effects of early use of pioglitazone in combination with metformin in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes - Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Aug;23(8):1775-81 - "early use of combination therapy at time of diagnosis or within the first 3-6 months following diagnosis with metformin plus pioglitazone in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes results in a slower deterioration in glycaemic control than that with metformin combined with either gliclazide or repaglinide. This may be due to the beta-cell protective properties of pioglitazone"

A Prospective Study of Green Tea Consumption and Oral Cancer Incidence in Japan - Ann Epidemiol. 2007 Jun 30 - "For women, the HRs of oral cancer for green tea consumption of 1-2, 3-4, and 5 or more cups per day were 0.51 (95% CI: 0.10-2.68), 0.60 (95% CI: 0.17-2.10), and 0.31 (95% CI: 0.09-1.07), respectively, compared with those who drank less than one cup per day (p for trend, 0.08). For men, no such trends were observed"

Health Focus (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer):

1. Finasteride as a Chemopreventive Agent in Prostate Cancer - Medscape, 9/15/06 - "Prostate cancer was detected in 803 of 4,368 men (18.4%) taking finasteride as opposed to 1,147 of the 4,692 men (24.4%) in the placebo group (P <0.001). This was a 24.8% relative risk reduction in prevalence of prostate cancer during the trial ,,, The PCPT has shown finasteride to be an effective chemopreventive agent in low-grade prostate cancer" -  See finasteride at OffshoreRx1.comor International Anti-aging Systems.
2. Analysis Shows Drug Could Save Lives From Prostate Cancer - Science Daily, 3/16/05 - "the commonly used drug finasteride reduced the incidence of prostate cancer by 24.8 percent compared to a placebo. However, a possible increase in the number of high-grade tumors in the trial prompted many to question whether any benefits of the drug would be offset by an increase in mortality related to the higher-grade tumors. No difference in mortality was seen during the 7 years of PCPT"
3. Proscar for Prostate Cancer Prevention: Q&A - WebMD, 6/24/03 - "a drug called Proscar can also prevent or delay prostate cancer. It also shows that the drug may increase the risk of aggressive, high-grade prostate tumors. And while men taking Proscar have fewer urinary problems, they also have more sexual problems"
4. Should finasteride be used to prevent prostate cancer? - Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2006 Sep;7(5):346-54 - "At trial's end, there was a 25% reduction in period prevalence in all prostate cancers (24.4% for placebo vs 18.4% for finasteride)"
5. Estrogen - the Unrecognized Male Hormone - IAS - "DIM may reduce prostate cancer incidence as it has been shown to stop human cancer cells from growing by (54-61%) and provoking the cells to self-destruct (apoptosis). DIM also improves prostate function, enhances insulin sensitivity and increases abdominal fat loss."
6. The Effect of High Calcium Levels on Prostate Cancer - Physician's Weekly, 8/13/07 - "the relative risk of prostate cancer for 2,000 mg/day or more of calcium intake was 1.63. Conversely, a 1.26 relative risk calculation was observed for ingestion of less than 1,000 mg/day of calcium"
7. Broccoli May Help Cut Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 7/24/07 - "Men who reported eating cauliflower more than once per week were 52% less likely to be diagnosed with aggressive prostate cancer than men who reported eating cauliflower less than once a month ... Men who reported eating broccoli more than once per week were 45% less likely to be diagnosed with aggressive prostate cancer than men who reported eating broccoli less than once a month" - See indole-3-carbinol at Amazon.com.
8. Dietary Isoflavones May Protect against Prostate Cancer in Japanese Men - J Nutr. 2007 Aug;137(8):1974-1979 - "Isoflavones and their aglycones (genistein and daidzein) were significantly associated with decreased risk. The odds ratio for the highest category (>/=89.9 mg/d) compared with the lowest category (<30.5 mg/d) of isoflavone intake was 0.42 (95% CI = 0.24-0.72) and the linear trend was significant"
9. Omega-3 Fatty Acids May Lower Genetic Risk for Prostate Cancer - Medscape, 6/21/07 - "Overall, diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids reduced prostate tumor growth, slowed histopathological progression, and increased survival, the researchers write. The 12-month survival rate was 60% for mice fed a diet high in omega-3, 10% on the low–omega-3 diet, and 0% on the high–omega-6 diet. The ideal ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids is 1:1, and mice fed diets with this ratio of fatty acids were able to delay both the formation and progression of prostate tumors and prolong their survival" - See Twin EPA at iHerb or Jarrow Max DHA at iHerb.
10. Prostate Cancer Confusion? - Dr. Weil, 6/18/07 - "while these investigators concluded that on the basis of their retrospective analytical methods lycopene and other carotenoids had no effect on prostate cancer, we have very good evidence from other studies that lycopene does in fact lower the risk"
11. Supplemental and dietary vitamin e intakes and risk of prostate cancer in a large prospective study - Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Jun;16(6):1128-35 - "dietary gamma-tocopherol, the most commonly consumed form of vitamin E in the United States, was significantly inversely related to the risk of advanced prostate cancer (for highest versus lowest quintile: RR, 0.68" - See Jarrow FamilE (contains all eight members of the vitamin E family) at Amazon.com.
12. Flaxseed May Curb Prostate Tumor Growth - WebMD, 6/4/07 - "As measured by how fast their cancer cells were dividing, tumors grew about 30% to 40% slower in the men taking flaxseed"
13. Red Wine Protects The Prostate - Science Daily, 5/25/07 - "men who drink an average of four to seven glasses of red wine per week are only 52% as likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer as those who do not drink red wine ... when white wine was compared with red, red had the most benefit ... But much of the speculation focuses on chemicals—including various flavonoids and resveratrol—missing from other alcoholic beverages"
14. Nutrients In Certain Vegetables May Provide Cancer-fighting Benefit - Science Daily, 4/17/07 - "Dr. Singh's study is based on phytochemicals, called isothiocyanates (ITCs), found in several cruciferous vegetables and generated when vegetables are either cut or chewed. His laboratory has found that phenethyl-ITC, or PEITC, is highly effective in suppressing the growth of human prostate cancer cells at concentrations achievable through dietary intake"
15. Tea and lycopene protect against prostate cancer - Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16 Suppl:453-7 - "The protective effect of green tea was significant (odds ratio 0.14, 95% CI: 0.06-0.35) for the highest quartile relative to the lowest after adjusting for total vegetables and fruits intakes and other potential confounding factors. Intakes of vegetables and fruits rich in lycopene were also inversely associated with prostate cancer risk (odds ratio 0.18 ... habitual drinking tea and intakes of vegetables and fruits rich in lycopene could lead to a reduced risk of prostate cancer in Chinese men. Together they have a stronger preventive effect than either component taken separately"
16. Report: Advances In Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention And Treatment - Life Extension Magazine, 4/07
17. The relationship between daily calcium intake and bone mineral density in men with prostate cancer - BJU Int. 2007 Apr;99(4):812-816 - "To analyse the relationship between daily calcium intake (DCI) and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with prostate cancer ... androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) ... a low DCI was an independent risk factor for osteoporosis in men with prostate cancer ... Urologists should recommend a DCI of >1000 mg in patients with prostate cancer, especially in those under ADT"
18. Soy Found Protective Against Localized Prostate Cancer - Science Daily, 3/15/07 - "intake of genistein, daidzein, miso soup and soy food had no overall link to diagnosis of prostate cancer. However, they calculated that the risk of developing localized prostate cancer was 50 percent lower in men who ate the most isoflavones compared to men who ate the least meaning that men in the top category ate between two and three times as much isoflavone-rich food"
19. Green Tea And COX-2 Inhibitors Combine To Slow Growth Of Prostate Cancer - Science Daily, 3/1/07 - "In mice that were not treated with either substance, the tumor volume averaged 1,300 cubic millimeters, whereas mice given either the tea or celecoxib had tumors averaging 835 cubic millimeters and 650 cubic millimeters, respectively. Tumors taken from mice given both agents, however, measured on average a volume of 350 cubic millimeters" - See Jarrow green tea at iHerb.
20. Dietary Zinc and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study from Italy - Eur Urol. 2007 Feb 5 - "In this large study we found a direct association between high zinc intake and prostate cancer risk, particularly for advanced cancers"
21. Veggies for Enlarged Prostate Risk - WebMD, 2/14/07 - "Data came from more than 32,000 male health care workers enrolled in a long-term health study that began in 1986 ... The men who consumed the most vegetables were 11% less likely to have BPH surgery or moderate to high BPH symptoms by 2000"
22. Fruit and vegetable consumption, intake of micronutrients, and benign prostatic hyperplasia in US men - Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Feb;85(2):523-9 - "Vegetable consumption was inversely associated with BPH (fifth compared with first quintile-OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.99; P for trend = 0.03), whereas fruit intake was not. Consumption of fruit and vegetables rich in beta-carotene (P for trend = 0.004), lutein (P for trend = 0.0004), or vitamin C (P for trend = 0.05) was inversely related to BPH. With increasing vitamin C intake from foods, men were less likely to have BPH (P for trend = 0.0009). Neither alpha- nor gamma-tocopherol intake from foods was associated with BPH"
23. On The Cover: Eating Your Way To Prostate Cancer - Life Extension Magazine, 2/07 - "Boswellia extracts have been thoroughly studied as natural remedies for inflammatory disorders. A patented extract from boswellia called 5-LOXIN® has potent ability to inhibit the enzyme 5-LOX, preventing the formation of protein-degrading enzymes, and protecting against inflammation-induced events that can promote tumor angiogenesis" - See 5-LOXIN at Amazon.com.
24. Worried About Prostate Cancer? Tomato-broccoli Combo Shown To Be Effective - Science Daily, 1/16/07 - "fed a diet containing 10 percent tomato powder and 10 percent broccoli powder to laboratory rats that had been implanted with prostate cancer cells ... The tomato/broccoli combo outperformed all other diets in shrinking prostate tumors ... The only treatment that approached the tomato/broccoli diet's level of effectiveness was castration ... To get these effects, men should consume daily 1.4 cups of raw broccoli and 2.5 cups of fresh tomato, or 1 cup of tomato sauce, or ½ cup of tomato paste"
25. Calcitriol and genistein actions to inhibit the prostaglandin pathway: potential combination therapy to treat prostate cancer - J Nutr. 2007 Jan;137(1):205S-10S - "the combination of calcitriol and genistein is an attractive therapeutic option for the treatment of PCa"
26. Dietary Fatty acids correlate with prostate cancer biopsy grade and volume in jamaican men - J Urol. 2007 Jan;177(1):97-101 - "Omega6 polyunsaturated fatty acids stimulate and Omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit prostate cancer growth"
27. Aspirin 'blocks prostate problem' - BBC News, 12/9/06 - "taking NSAIDs was found to prevent or delay enlargement of the prostate"
28. Tomatoes, tomato products and lycopene in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer: do we have the evidence from intervention studies? - Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006 Nov;9(6):722-7 - "Increasing evidence suggests that a single serving of tomatoes or tomato products ingested daily may contribute to protect from DNA damage. As DNA damage seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, the regular ingestion of tomatoes or tomato products might prevent the disease"
29. NSAID Use May Prevent or Delay Development of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia - Medscape, 9/6/06 - "NSAIDs reduced the incidence rates of moderate-severe urinary symptoms (HR, 0.73), low maximum urinary flow rate (HR, 0 .51), increased prostate volume (HR, 0.53), elevated serum PSA level (HR, 0.52), and treatment of BPH (HR, 0.79)"
30. Aspirin May Cut Enlarged Prostate Risk - WebMD, 8/30/06 - "Men who reported daily use of aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, were 25% less likely to develop moderate to severe enlarged prostate symptoms"
31. Decrease In Progression Of Prostate Cancer With Plant-based Diet And Stress Reduction - Science Daily, 8/29/06 - "The plant-based diet and stress reduction intervention was effective in significantly reducing the PSA rate, indicating a reduction in the rate of progression of the prostate cancer"
32. Dietary intake of phytoestrogens, estrogen receptor-beta polymorphisms and the risk of prostate cancer - Prostate. 2006 Aug 18 - "Our study provides strong evidence that high intake of phytoestrogens substantially reduce prostate cancer risk among men with specific polymorphic variation in the promoter region of the estrogen receptor-beta gene"
33. Altering Fatty Acid Levels In Diet May Reduce Prostate Cancer Growth Rate - Science Daily, 8/1/06 - "tumor cell growth rates decreased by 22 percent and PSA levels were 77 percent lower in the group receiving a healthier balance of fatty acids compared with the group that received predominantly omega-6 fatty acids"
34. Phase II Study of Pomegranate Juice for Men with Rising Prostate-Specific Antigen following Surgery or Radiation for Prostate Cancer - Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 1;12(13):4018-4026 - "Mean PSA doubling time significantly increased with treatment from a mean of 15 months at baseline to 54 months posttreatment ... In vitro assays comparing pretreatment and posttreatment patient serum on the growth of LNCaP showed a 12% decrease in cell proliferation and a 17% increase in apoptosis (P = 0.0048 and 0.0004, respectively), a 23% increase in serum nitric oxide (P = 0.0085), and significant (P < 0.02) reductions in oxidative state and sensitivity to oxidation of serum lipids after versus before pomegranate juice consumption"
35. Pomegranate Juice Helps Keep PSA Levels Stable In Men With Prostate Cancer - Science Daily, 7/2/06 - "Drinking an eight ounce glass of pomegranate juice daily increased by nearly four times the period during which PSA levels in men treated for prostate cancer remained stable"
36. Juice 'can slow prostate cancer' - BBC News, 7/1/06 - "measured how long it took for PSA levels to double in individual patients ... The average doubling time is about 15 months, but in patients who drank pomegranate juice this increased to an average of 54 months"
37. Starch Intake May Increase Risk for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Medscape, 6/27/06 - "Starch intake was directly associated with increased risk for BPH with an OR of 1.51 ... The main sources of starch in the subjects were white bread, pasta, and rice ... An inverse relationship was observed for polyunsaturated fats (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.55 - 0.93), linoleic acid (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.56 - 0.94), and linolenic acid (OR, 0.71"
38. Soy-rich diet cuts prostate cancer marker - Nutra USA, 6/22/06 - "Two servings of soy a day reduced levels of the prostate cancer marker PSA in free-living men by 14 percent, but didn’t affect testosterone levels"
39. Combined Lycopene and Vitamin E Treatment Suppresses the Growth of PC-346C Human Prostate Cancer Cells in Nude Mice - J Nutr. 2006 May;136(5):1287-93 - "lycopene combined with vitamin E may inhibit the growth of prostate cancer"
40. More support for lycopene protection against prostate cancer - Nutra USA, 5/3/06 - "half of these men to receive a daily supplement of eight milligrams of lycopene (LycoRed's Lyc-O-Mato) for one year and followed for a futher year ... blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a protein that is used as a marker for the disease, decreased by 42 per cent after supplementation" - See Jarrow Lyco-Sorb (contains Lyco-O-Mato) at Amazon.com.
41. Pondering Prostate Problems? - Dr. Weil, 4/28/06 - "All told, this study shouldn't discourage men with mild-to-moderate BPH from using saw palmetto. I still recommend taking 160 mg of a standardized extract twice a day; this should help reduce the size of the gland in about four to six weeks"
42. Prostate tumours shrunk by lycopene, vitamin E combo - Nutra USA, 4/14/06 - "Compared with the control, the combined mixture of lycopene and vitamin E, at five mg/kg BW each, suppressed the growth of the prostate xenograft by 73 per cent at day 42 ... the mice receiving the combined supplement also lived 40 per cent longer" - See Jarrow Lyco-Sorb (contains Lyco-O-Mato) at Amazon.com.
43. Crunchy Veggies Fight Cancer - WebMD, 4/5/06 - "focused on a substance found in cruciferous vegetables called phenethyl-ITC, or PEITC ... After 31 days of treatment, the size of the tumors in the treated animals was about half that of the untreated animals"
44. Pygeum - An Extract from This Native African Tree Reduces Symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Life Extension Magazine, 4/06
45. Oily fish may fight prostate cancer spread - MSNBC, 3/21/06 - "Omega-6 fats, found in vegetable oils, nuts and seeds, increased the spread of tumor cells into bone marrow. This invasion was blocked by omega 3 fats -- the ones found in oily fish" - See Mega Twin EPA at Amazon.com or Vitacost.
46. Pepper Component Hot Enough To Trigger Suicide In Prostate Cancer Cells - Science Daily, 3/19/06 - "Capsaicin induced approximately 80 percent of prostate cancer cells growing in mice to follow the molecular pathways leading to apoptosis. Prostate cancer tumors treated with capsaicin were about one-fifth the size of tumors in non-treated mice"
47. More support for soy's protection against prostate cancer - Nutra USA, 2/13/06 - "High intake of food items rich in phytoestrogens was associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer. The odds ratio (OR) [the risk compared to a standard of 1.00] comparing the highest to the lowest quartile of intake was 0.74"
48. Vitamin D Inhibits Progression Of Some Prostate Cancers - Science Daily, 2/8/06 - "vitamin D significantly limits the ability of prostate cancer cells to invade healthy cells by reducing the activity of two enzymes -- proteases called matrix metalloproteinase and cathepsin" [WebMD] - See iHerb or Vitacost vitamin D products.
49. Dietary Factors May Affect Risk for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Medscape, 2/7/06 - "Citrus fruit, but not total fruit, consumption was associated with a significantly reduced risk for BPH"
50. Corn oil, omega-6 could speed up prostate cancer, study - Nutra USA, 2/1/06 - "After we added omega-6 fatty acids to the growth medium in the dish, and only omega-6, we observed that tumors grew twice as fast as those without omega-6" - [HealthDay] [WebMD]
51. Herbal extract may treat prostate cancer - MSNBC, 11/27/05 - "Zyflamend has the ability, in culture at least, to reduce prostate cancer cell growth by as much as 78 percent and induce cancer cell death or “apoptosis,”" - See Zyflamend at Amazon.com.
52. Too much calcium may raise prostate cancer risk - Nutra USA, 11/15/05 - "men who consumed more than 2000mg of calcium per day nearly doubled their risk of developing prostate cancer"
53. Columbia Study Suggests Benefits Of Herbal Extract In Early Treatment Of Prostate Cancer - Science Daily, 11/13/05 - "Zyflamend®, a unique herbal extract preparation, suppresses the growth of prostate cancer cells and induces prostate cancer cells to self-destruct via a process called “apoptosis" - See Zyflamend at Amazon.com.
54. Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study in Men with Prostate Cancer and Rising PSA: Effectiveness of a Dietary Supplement - Eur Urol. 2005 Oct 17 - "The supplement consisted of soy, isoflavones, lycopene, silymarin and antioxidants as main ingredients ... The soy-based dietary supplement utilised in this study was shown to delay PSA progression after potentially curative treatment in a significant fashion"
55. A New Weapon to Fight Prostate Cancer - Life Extension Magazine, 11/05 - "Scientists have shown that milk thistle extracts possess anti-cancer actions on human prostate carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Many of the mechanisms by which silymarin compounds interfere with prostate cancer progression have been identified. The scientists who conducted the most recent study stated that, in addition to isosilybin B, there might be other silymarin compounds that are effective as well"
56. Can Green Tea Protect Against Prostate Cancer? - Life Extension Magazine, 11/05 - "Thirty-two subjects received 200 mg of green tea catechins (50% EGCG) three times daily, while the other 30 men received a placebo. Biopsies were conducted at six months and one year later. Remarkably, only one man in the treatment group was diagnosed with prostate cancer, compared to nine men in the control group who developed the disease"
57. Vitamin D Compounds May Fight Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 11/1/05 - "Vitamin D compounds may help slow or prevent prostate cancer ... Calcitriol "markedly reduced tumor burden over time,""
58. Flavonoids May Inhibit Prostate Cancer - Science Daily, 10/21/05 - "Our findings suggest that apigenin could be developed as a promising agent against prostate cancer"
59. Pomegranates May Prevent Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 9/28/05 - "the dose of pomegranate juice given to the mice equates to about one or two pomegranates -- or 8 to 16 ounces of pomegranate juice ... mice who drank the higher concentration of pomegranate extract experienced a significant slowing in their cancer progression and a decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels"
60. Impact of diet on prostate cancer: a review - Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2005 Aug 30 - "Much interest currently lies in the potential of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) to play a chemopreventative role in prostate cancer. Lycopene, a potent antioxidant found in tomatoes, may exert a protective effect in the prostate. Selenium and vitamin E have also been shown to decrease the risk of prostate cancer in some men. Calcium may support vitamin D-related antiproliferative effects in prostate cancer. Certain soy proteins, common in the Asian diet, have been shown to inhibit prostate cancer cell growth. Finally, green tea may also have a chemopreventive effect by inducing apoptosis"
61. Vitamin D, NSAIDS Provide Double Whammy Against Prostate Cancer, Stanford Study Finds - Science Daily, 9/1/05 - "The growth of prostate cancer cells can be halted by combining a form of vitamin D, available only by prescription, with low doses of an over-the-counter painkiller ... The combination reduced prostate cancer cell growth in a laboratory dish by up to 70 percent, according to the findings"
62. Nutrients that fight prostate cancer - Dr. Murray's Natural Facts, 8/24/05
63. Lifestyle And Diet May Stop Or Reverse Prostate Cancer Progression - Science Daily, 8/11/05 - "Participants in the lifestyle-change group were placed on a vegan diet consisting primarily of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes supplemented with soy, vitamins and minerals. They participated in moderate aerobic exercise, yoga/meditation, and a weekly support group session" - [Doctor's Guide]
64. Aspirin May Cut Prostate Cancer Risk - WebMD, 7/5/05 - "Those who had taken aspirin regularly for a long time were 15% less likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer. Other anti-inflammatory drugs were associated with an 18% lower risk of prostate cancer"
65. Beta-Sitosterol and the Aging Prostate Gland - Life Extension Magazine, 6/05 - "A study using the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP (an androgen-dependent tumor) showed that beta-sitosterol decreased cancer cell growth by 24% and induced apoptosis (programmed cell death) fourfold ..." - See iHerb or Vitacost beta sitosterol products.
66. Pomegranate Juice May Curb Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 5/23/05 - "Drinking pomegranate juice significantly lengthened the amount of time it took for the men's average PSA levels to double (from 14 to 26 months, on average) ... Pomegranate juice contains antioxidant chemicals that may have cancer-preventing benefits"
67. Statin Drugs Linked to Reduced Cancer Risk - WebMD, 5/16/05 - "statin use reduces the rate of prostate cancer by 54%" - See Zocor at International Anti-aging Systems.
68. Exercise May Fight Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 5/9/05 - "men over age 65 who engaged in at least three hours of vigorous physical activity, such as running, biking, or swimming, per week had a nearly 70% lower risk of being diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer or dying from the disease"
69. Is There a Link Between Macronutrient Intake and Prostate - Medscape, 5/5/05 - "In this sample of Italian men, intake of monounsaturated fatty acids and starch was directly related to an increased risk of prostate cancer. Polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption was associated with a significantly lower risk of the disease"
70. Purified Green Tea Polyphenol Capsules Taken Daily Appear to Substantially Reduce Prostate Cancer in High Risk Patients - Doctor's Guide, 4/22/05 - "researchers reported a 90% decrease in the rate of prostate cancer in men who received 200 mg doses of the polyphenol capsules three times a day for 1 year" - See iHerb or Vitacost green tea products.  My favorite is Jarrow green tea at iHerb.
71. Antioxidant levels key to prostate cancer risk in some men - Nutra USA, 3/15/05 - "Greater levels of selenium, vitamin E and the tomato carotenoid lycopene have been shown to reduce prostate cancer in one out of every four Caucasian males, or those who inherit a specific genetic variation that is particularly sensitive to oxidative stress"
72. Pilot Study: Potential Role of Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) in Patients With PSA Relapse After Definitive Therapy - Nutr Cancer. 2005;51(1):32-6 - "Fifteen patients were given 2,000 IU (50 mug) of cholecalciferol daily and monitored prospectively every 2-3 mo. In 9 patients, PSA levels decreased or remained unchanged after the commencement of cholecalciferol. This was sustained for as long as 21 mo. Also, there was a statistically significant decrease in the rate of PSA rise after administration of cholecalciferol (P = 0.005) compared with that before cholecalciferol. The median PSA doubling time increased from 14.3 mo prior to commencing cholecalciferol to 25 mo after commencing cholecalciferol. Fourteen of 15 patients had a prolongation of PSA doubling time after commencing cholecalciferol. There were no side effects reported by any patient"
73. Vitamin E: Which Type Best for Prostate Cancer? - WebMD, 3/1/05 - "the men with the highest blood levels of alpha and gamma tocopherol had lower prostate cancer risk. Men with the highest levels of both forms of the vitamin were 30%-40% less likely to develop prostate cancer as those with the lowest levels"
74. Vitamin D May Cut Prostate Cancer Risk - CBS 2 Chicago, 2/17/05 - "men with higher levels vitamin D in their blood were half as likely to develop aggressive forms of the disease than those with lower amounts"
75. Can Prostate Cancer Be Prevented? - Medscape, 2/8/05 - "The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) demonstrated that finasteride can prevent prostate cancer, albeit with an apparently increased risk of high-grade disease. A substantial amount of epidemiologic, molecular, and clinical evidence suggests that both selenium and vitamin E might also prevent prostate cancer ... vitamin D exerts an antiproliferative effect on prostate cancer cells"
76. Green tea for a healthy prostate? - MSNBC, 1/21/05 - "phytochemicals called polyphenols attack growth factors and proteins, interrupting processes that increase the size of tumors, thus preventing them from spreading to other parts of the body ... green tea in mice with an aggressive form of cancer can decrease the spread or metastasis of prostate cancer to liver, bone and other sites ... the phytochemicals in green tea could inhibit the early stages of prostate cancer development" - See iHerb or Vitacost green tea products.  My favorite is Jarrow green tea at iHerb.
77. Vitamin D may slow prostate tumour growth - CTV.ca, 1/16/05 - "the vitamin D seemed to cut the rise in PSA rates by more than half. Without vitamin D, PSA rates rose by about five per cent. With vitamin D, PSA rates only rose by two per cent"
78. Vitamin E In Plant Seeds Could Halt Prostate, Lung Cancer, Says Purdue Scientist - Science Daily, 12/30/04 - "gamma-tocopherol, which occurs naturally in walnuts, pecans, sesame seeds, and in corn and sesame oils, inhibits the proliferation of lab-cultured human prostate and lung cancer cells"  - See Jarrow FamilE (contains all eight members of the vitamin E family) at Amazon.com.
79. Vitamin E in Food May Fight Cancer - WebMD, 12/15/04 - "Most supplements provide a different form of the vitamin, alpha-tocopherol ... Gamma-tocopherol aced its lab tests. It inhibited the spread of prostate and lung cancer cells without hurting the healthy cells ... Mixing several forms of vitamin E -- including gamma-tocopherol -- was even better at blocking cancer's spread"  - See Jarrow FamilE (contains all eight members of the vitamin E family) at Amazon.com.
80. Gamma-tocopherol halts cancer cells in lab study - Nutra USA, 12/15/04 - "Gamma-tocopherol, found naturally in walnuts, sesame seeds and corn, was found to hold back the proliferation of lab-cultured human prostate and lung cancer cells, reports the team from Purdue University in the 13 December online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ... This could indicate that the vitamin Could be used to target lung and prostate cancer cells without the damaging side effects of chemotherapy" - See Jarrow FamilE (contains all eight members of the vitamin E family) at Amazon.com.
81. Green Tea Polyphenols Thwart Prostate Cancer Development At Multiple Levels - Science Daily, 12/15/04 - "The polyphenols present in green tea help prevent the spread of prostate cancer by targeting molecular pathways that shut down the proliferation and spread of tumor cells, as well as inhibiting the growth of tumor nurturing blood vessels" - See iHerb or Vitacost green tea products.  My favorite is Jarrow green tea at iHerb.
82. Green Tea May Stall Prostate Cancer Growth - WebMD, 12/1/04 - "the green tea antioxidant appeared to stall cell growth by decreasing production of several proteins that promote cell survival. In addition, it reduced the production of proteins that are known to be associated with the spread of cancer cells ... the study also suggests that the antioxidant in green tea appeared to starve prostate cancer tumor cells by inhibiting the formation of blood vessels, thereby suppressing the flow of nutrients to the cancerous cells" - See iHerb or Vitacost green tea products.  My favorite is Jarrow green tea at iHerb.
83. Soy: Good for Men’s Health, Too - Healthwell, 11/11/04 - "There was a significant PSA-level drop in the men eating the soy bread compared with the control group"
84. Effects of a genistein-rich extract on PSA levels in men with a history of prostate cancer - Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, 11/04 - "a genistein-rich extract as the sole treatment for prostate cancer does not appear to be an effective treatment for prostate cancer when given alone. However, eight of 13 evaluated patients in the active surveillance group had either no rise or a decline in PSA levels of less than 50 per cent"
85. Aspirin May Delay Prostate Cancer, Extend Life - WebMD, 10/4/04 - "more than nine in 10 men who took aspirin or another NSAID were alive 10 years later compared with fewer than seven in 10 men who didn't take the painkillers ... evidence is mounting that prostate cancer may develop in areas with chronic inflammation"
86. Vitamin E + Lycopene Fights Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 9/30/04 - "a combination treatment with low-dose lycopene and vitamin E had the strongest effect at slowing tumor growth -- a 73% slowing of growth on the 42nd day of the test ... The next best results came from the low dose of lycopene alone, which slowed tumor growth by 53% in the same time frame"
87. Soy Improves Prostate Cancer Outlook - WebMD, 9/24/04 - "adding about 2 ounces of soy each day for one month results in a 13% drop in total PSA and a 27% increase in the free-to-total PSA ratio in men with prostate cancer"
88. Daily Glass of Red Wine May Cut Risk of Developing Prostate Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 9/23/04 - "men who consumed four or more glasses of red wine per week reduced their risk of prostate cancer by 50 percent ... That compound, Stanford and colleagues believe, may be an antioxidant called resveratrol, which is abundant in the skins of red grapes but much less so in the skins of white grapes"
89. Relieve Common Men’s Condition with Saw Palmetto Extract - Healthwell Exchange Daily News, 9/16/04 - "Comparison trials found its effects to be similar to those of finasteride and tamsulosin ... however, while some men using the standard medications experienced sexual dysfunction as a side effect, men using the herbal extract did not" - See iHerb or Vitacost saw palmetto products.
90. Effects of a diet rich in phytoestrogens on prostate-specific antigen and sex hormones in men diagnosed with prostate cancer - Urology. 2004 Sep;64(3):510-5 - "Statistically significant differences were detected between the HT [heat-treated] soy grits group and the control wheat group for the percentage of change in total PSA (-12.7% versus 40% ... The data from this study indicate that a daily diet containing four slices of a bread rich in HT soy grits favorably influences the PSA level and the free/total PSA ratio in patients with prostate cancer"
91. Update on Lycopene - Dr. Murray's Natural Facts, 8/25/04 - "men who consumed the highest levels of lycopene (6.5 mg per day) in their diet showed a 21 percent decreased risk of prostate cancer compared with those eating the lowest levels. When the researchers looked at only advanced prostate cancer, the high lycopene eaters had an 86% decreased risk" - See iHerb or Vitacost lycopene products.
92. Omega-3s appear to protect against prostate cancer - Nutra USA, 6/23/04 - "alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-6 fat, may raise the risk of advanced prostate cancer ... Men with the highest quintiles of EPA and DHA combined had an 11 per cent lower total prostate cancer risk and advanced prostate cancer risk was 26 per cent lower" - See Mega Twin EPA at Amazon.com or Vitacost.
93. Flaxseed Helps Prevent Common Men’s Condition - Healthwell Exchange Daily News, 6/10/04
94. Selenium and Prostate Cancer - Physician's Weekly, 6/14/04 - "higher levels of selenium may slow prostate cancer tumor progression"
95. Tea Slows Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 4/20/04
96. Breakthrough research on lycopene - Nutra USA, 4/15/04 - "Men eating four to five tomato based-dishes per week were found to be protected by 25 per cent compared to men eating tomatoes only rarely" - See iHerb or Vitacost lycopene products.
97. Fibre for prostate protection - Nutra USA, 4/15/04 - "total fibre intake only slightly reduced prostate cancer risk. However when the study examined soluble fibre only, the reduced risk was greater at 11 per cent, while vegetable fibre cut risk by 18 per cent"
98. Frequent Ejaculation May Be Good for Prostate - WebMD, 4/6/04
99. Resveratrol, Powerful Protection Against Prostate Cancer - Life Extension Magazine, 4/04 - "Resveratrol works through more than a dozen different anticancer mechanisms and selectively targets cancer cells. This single supplement modulates hormones, has several mechanisms that stop cancer cells from multiplying, and even has the ability to destroy cancer cells" - See iHerb or Vitacost resveratrol products.
100. Soy: Prevent Prostate Cancer, Male Baldness? - WebMD, 3/30/04 - "A little-known molecule called equol ... is showing promise as a powerful blocker of a potent male hormone involved in prostate cancer, male baldness, even acne ... Actually, the protective effects occur when two chemicals in soy protein -- genistin and daidzin -- reach the digestive system, Setchell explains. There, they are metabolized to form genistein and daidzein. Daidzein is metabolized once again, to form equol" - See iHerb or Vitacost isoflavone products.
101. Soy blocks prostate cancer? - Nutra USA, 3/30/04 - "Equol, the major metabolite of the phytoestrogen daidzein - one of the main isoflavones found abundantly in soybeans - completely stops in its tracks the male hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which normally stimulates prostate growth and causes male pattern baldness"
102. Higher Serum Vitamin E Levels Linked to Lower Prostate Cancer Risk - Doctor's Guide, 3/30/04 - "Compared with men in the lowest tertile of alpha-tocopherol levels, men in the highest tertile were 53% less likely to develop prostate cancer (P = .05). Men in the highest tertile of gamma-tocopherol were 39% less likely to develop the cancer than those in the lowest tertile" - See iHerb or Vitacost vitamin E products.  My favorite is Jarrow FamilE (contains all eight members of the vitamin E family) at Amazon.com.
103. Treating Prostate Cancer? - Dr. Weil, 2/3/04
104. Selenium Reduces Prostate Cancer Risk - Natural Foods Merchandiser, 1/04
105. Citrus Nutrient Helps Slow Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 12/16/03 - "Every day, patients took 18 capsules of pectin: Each contained 14 grams of pectin, equaling 800 mg a day ... Fourteen months later, 70% of the men had significant increases in the time it took to produce PSA -- it took longer for prostate cells to produce a doubling of blood PSA levels" - See iHerb or Vitacost pectin products.
106. Vitamin D and prostate cancer prevention and treatment - Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Nov;14(9):423-30 - "The association between either decreased sun exposure or vitamin D deficiency and the increased risk of prostate cancer at an earlier age, and with a more aggressive progression, indicates that adequate vitamin D nutrition should be a priority for men of all ages"
107. The Prostate Cancer-Fighter - WebMD, 11/4/03 - "in rats made to develop prostate cancer in the laboratory, those who were fed a diet containing tomato powder experienced a longer survival prior to developing cancer and were 26% less likely to die from prostate cancer compared with those on a "control" diet containing no tomato or lycopene foods ... In rats fed a diet of lycopene alone, the death rates from prostate cancer were similar to those rats fed a control diet"
108. Randomised controlled short-term intervention pilot study on rye bran bread in prostate cancer - Eur J Cancer Prev. 2003 Oct;12(5):407-15 - "In the rye group, there was a significant increase in plasma enterolactone, and the apoptotic index increased significantly from 2.1% (SD 1.3) to 5.9% ... High intake of rye bran bread is suggested to increase apoptosis in prostate tumours"
109. Too Much Zinc Linked to Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 7/1/03 - "although taking zinc supplements of up to 100 mg per day did not increase men's overall risk of prostate cancer, men who took more than 100 mg of supplemental zinc per day were more than twice as likely to develop advanced prostate cancer than nonusers ... they can't rule out the fact that some other factor may account for the increase in advanced prostate cancer risk associated with excessive zinc supplementation found by the study" - See my zinc page.  Zinc interferes with copper absorption so maybe the cause is low copper.
110. Broccoli Blocks Prostate Cancer Cells - WebMD, 5/20/03
111. Soy Lowers PSA Levels in Some Men - WebMD, 5/1/03
112. Saw Palmetto Extract Effective in Treating Chronic Prostatitis - Medscape, 4/28/03 - "Permixon, a compound extracted from the fruit of the American dwarf palm tree Serona repens, also known as saw palmetto, appears to improve symptoms of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome ... Seventy-five percent of the patients who received Permixon had at least mild improvement in symptoms compared with 20% of the control group. Similarly, 55% of patients who received Permixon reported moderate or marked improvement compared with 16% of the control group ... In the control group, PSA did not differ from baseline. However, the group taking Permixon experienced median decreases from baseline PSA of 22% after 6 weeks" - See iHerb or Vitacost saw palmetto products.
113. Selenium Reduces Risk of Some Cancers: FDA Approves Claim - New Hope Natural Media, 4/17/03 - "Companies that manufacture selenium supplements will now be permitted by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to claim that selenium supplements may reduce the risk of some cancers, according to a statement by the FDA. Although the FDA does not permit manufacturers to list specific types of cancer in the health claim, studies suggest selenium supplementation may reduce the risk of colon, prostate, lung, liver and esophageal cancers" - See iHerband Vitacost selenium products.
114. Garlic may reduce risk of prostate cancer - Life Extension Magazine, 3/03 - "The study indicated that eating just a tenth of an ounce of scallions daily lowers prostate cancer risk by about 70%; that same amount of garlic reduces the risk by about 53%. The study authors suggest that one clove of garlic daily can achieve desired preventive effects"
115. Green Tea Doesn't Help Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 3/5/03
116. Herbal Remedies Can Aid Prostate Health - WebMD, 2/4/03 - "One in three men are treated for BPH with surgery or, more commonly, prescription drugs such as Flomax or Proscar. But growing research suggests that some symptoms may be treated as effectively with over-the-counter herbal remedies -- sometimes less expensively and thus far, with no reported side effects. What's more, some of these treatments claim they may help prevent prostate cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death in men"
117. Selenium May Fight Prostate Damage - WebMD, 2/4/03 - "About 80% of the prostate cells in dogs fed a normal diet had extensive DNA damage compared with only about 57% in the selenium-treated dogs ... dogs fed the enriched diet also had a twofold increase in the number of prostate cells that had undergone a process that removes damaged cells, called apoptosis, which is associated with a lower risk of cancer" - See iHerb or Vitacost selenium products.
118. Vitamin D for Advanced Prostate Cancer - Physician's Weekly, 1/27/03 - "Calcitriol is an active form of vitamin D. Results from a phase II clinical trial suggest that the combination of calcitriol and the chemotherapy agent docetaxel may be twice as effective as the use of docetaxel alone in men with androgen-independent prostate cancer"
119. Wow, You Coulda Had Some Lycopene! - Cancer Decisions Newsletter , 1/7/03 - "Men who received the lycopene supplement had lower prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and less aggressive tumors than the non-supplemented control group. Their tumors were smaller (80 percent of the tumors were under 4 milliliters (ml) in volume, compared to 45 percent in the control group). Their cancer was much more likely to be within the surgical margins and/or confined to the prostate gland (73 percent, compared to 18 percent of the control group). And the invasion of the prostate gland by cancer-like "PIN" cells was completely prevented in this group, compared to a 33 percent incidence of "PIN" cells in the control group" - See iHerb or Vitacost lycopene products.  My favorite is Jarrow Lyco-Sorb (contains Lyco-O-Mato) at Amazon.com.
120. Bad Breath, Healthy Prostate - New Hope Natural Media, 12/20/02 - "Men who consumed more than 10 grams per day of Allium vegetables had almost a 50% reduction in risk of developing prostate cancer, compared with those who consumed less than 2.2 grams per day. Garlic was the most commonly consumed Allium vegetable, followed by scallions and chives"
121. Herbal Treatment Shows Promise Against Prostate Cancer - USA Today, 12/20/02
122. Herb Mix Nixes Prostate Cancer in Lab - WebMD, 12/13/02 - "A number of recent studies point to COX-2 as an important factor in cancer-cell growth. In the Columbia studies, Zyflamend decreased COX-2 activity about as well as a potent COX-2-inhibiting drug ... The herbal mix is called Zyflamend, from New Chapter Inc., and has 10 herbs: holy basil, turmeric, ginger, green tea, rosemary, hu zhang, Chinese goldthread, barberry, oregano, and Scutellaria biacalensis" - See Zyflamend at Amazon.com.
123. Watermelon for Prostate Cancer? - Dr. Weil, 12/10/02 - "Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant that a number of large studies have shown is particularly good at protecting against prostate, colon and rectal cancer, as well as heart disease ... contains 40 percent more lycopene than an equivalent weight of tomatoes ... The body converts about 500 different carotenoids into vitamin A ... If you don’t get enough of these foods in your diet, you may want to use an antioxidant supplement. I recommend a mixed carotenoid supplement containing lycopene, lutein, alpha-carotene, and zeaxanthin, as well as beta-carotene"
124. Flaxseed Might Block Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 11/11/02 - "A study of mice shows that flaxseed in the diet helped improve prostate tumors (reducing their size and severity), and even prevented some of the mice from developing the disease ... men who ate ground flaxseed for 34 days had a drop in levels of testosterone, which helps prostate cancers grow, and in prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels, a marker for prostate cancer"
125. Garlic, Chives Reduce Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 11/5/02 - "filling your diet with garlic and scallions can help reduce the chance of this potentially deadly cancer ... Garlic and scallions, along with onions, leeks, chives, and shallots, are rich in flavonols, substances in plants that have been shown to have antitumor effects. All of these vegetables have previously been linked to lower risks of cancers of the stomach, colon, esophagus, and perhaps breast ... although fruits and vegetables slightly reduced prostate cancer, the lower risk associated with allium vegetables was much more pronounced"
126. Study Of Low-Fat, High-Fiber Diet Finds No Effect On PSA Levels In Men Over A Four-Year Period - Doctor's Guide, 8/30/02
127. Novel Method of Enhancing Anti-Fat Effects of CLA - Life Extension Magazine, 8/02 - "CLA is not just for fat-loss. Studies show it may help protect against many diseases including atherosclerosis and cancer ... CLA is also able to inhibit the growth of prostate cancer. CLA, as the article went on to say, can be considered a powerful prostate cancer preventative, as well as a partial treatment " - See iHerb and Vitacost CLA products.
128. Vasectomy: A Prostate Cancer Risk? - Dr. Weil, 7/2/02
129. Diet and Lifestyle Changes Slow Progression of Prostate Cancer - New Hope Natural Media Online, 6/13/02 - "The recommendations included a low-fat vegetarian diet, smoking cessation, stress management training and moderate exercise ... The men who received no treatment showed no change in their PSA levels. In contrast, men who followed the Ornish protocol had an average PSA decrease of 6.5%, a finding suggestive of disease regression"
130. Omega 3: Implications in human health and disease - PowerPak (39 page CME course for Registered Dietitians), exp. 8/1/03 - "The results of this study support the association of a reduced risk of prostate cancer with higher levels of long-chain omega 3 fatty acids in red blood cells and the hypothesis that eicosanoid processes are involved in the progression or initiation of prostate cancer" - See Mega Twin EPA at Amazon.com or Vitacost.
131. Prostate Cancer and I3C - Life Extension Magazine, 5/02 - "Studies show that I3C changes not only estrogen metabolism, but testosterone and androsterone as well. Its hormone-altering action may help protect against hormone mimickers such as the drugs implanted in food animals. It has been confirmed that whether a hormone is the real thing, a drug facsimilie or a chemical, I3C will neutralize it"
132. What's Wrong With Vitamin E? - Life Extension Magazine, 5/02 - "Gamma tocopherol and prostate cancer ... " - See Jarrow FamilE (contains all eight members of the vitamin E family) at Amazon.com.
133. Exposure To Sunlight Lowers Risks Of Four Cancers - Doctor's Guide, 4/4/02 - "exposure to sunlight contributes to non-melanoma skin cancer. "By contrast, several ecological studies suggest that sunlight may protect against female breast, ovarian, prostate, and colon cancer, all diseases that contribute to a substantially higher proportion of cancer mortality in the western industrialized world." ... Some studies have suggested an association between circulating vitamin D in blood, which is largely derived from sunlight, or dietary vitamin D and colorectal, prostate and female breast cancers"
134. Diet Linked to Prostate Enlargement - WebMD, 3/25/02 - "diet had the strongest link with prostate problems ... The men who had prostate disease ate more meat and more fats, specifically polyunsaturated vegetable fats and fish oils ... This is a perplexing association, but Suzuki suggests it may be due to these fatty acids igniting a process called oxidation in the body. Oxidation damages DNA, cells, and tissues, eventually contributing to heart disease, cancer, and other illnesses ... Fruit, vegetables, and whole grains are known to counter oxidation"
135. Daily Aspirin May Help Ward Off Prostate Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 3/12/02
136. Tomatoes Lower Prostate Cancer Risk - WebMD, 3/4/02 - "This newest investigation "confirmed our previous findings," ... "Frequent tomato or lycopene intake was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Intake of tomato sauce, the primary source of [ready available] lycopene, was associated with an even greater reduction in prostate cancer risk." ... Although all evidence points to lycopene as the beneficial ingredient, that remains to be proved" - See iHerb or Vitacost lycopene products.  My favorite is Jarrow Lyco-Sorb (contains Lyco-O-Mato) at Amazon.com.
137. Lycopene lowers PSA - Life Extension Magazine, 1/02 - "32 mostly African American patients who had been diagnosed with prostate cancer and were awaiting radical prostatectomy were put on diets that included enough tomato sauce to provide 30 mg/day of lycopene for three weeks. Prostate cancer is more frequent and serious among African Americans than among Caucasians ... Mean serum PSA concentrations fell by 17.5%, while a measure of oxidative status fell by 21.3%. DNA damage in the cancer cells fell by 40% after three weeks, of which author Phyllis E. Bowen says, “We don’t know whether that’s good or bad.” Most important, high concentration of lycopene in prostate tissues resulted in a nearly three-fold increase in programmed cell damage among cancer cells, which is a good thing"
138. Green tea polyphenols inhibit prostate cancer in mouse model - Life Extension Magazine, 12/01 - "According to study findings published in the August 28, 2001 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [PNAS 2001 Aug;98(18):10350-10355], green tea polyphenols—the equivalent found in about six cups of green tea per day in humans—helped to significantly reduce the risk of prostate cancer in a mouse model"
139. Low Selenium Levels Linked With Increased Prostate Cancer Risk - Intelihealth, 12/6/01
140. Selenium May Help Prevent Prostate Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 11/30/01 - "Men with low blood levels of selenium -- a trace element supplied in certain foods and supplements -- are four to five times more likely to contract prostate cancer ... the researchers concluded that the results support the hypothesis that supplemental selenium may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Because selenium in blood decreases with patient age, supplementation may be beneficial to older men"
141. Study Provides New Evidence That Chemical In Tomato Sauce May Help Fight Prostate Cancer, Particularly In Black Men - Intelihealth, 8/30/01 - "Researchers at the University of Illinois in Chicago fed 32 volunteers with newly diagnosed prostate cancer three-fourths cup of tomato sauce daily for three weeks ... the treatment resulted in reduced blood levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), a protein whose increased levels are strongly linked to a higher prostate cancer risk ...Researchers believe that lycopene, a red pigment with high antioxidant potential, is the most likely agent involved in this effect"
142. Tomato Extract May Have Role in Slowing Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 8/10/01 - "So when the results came in, Kucuk and colleagues were startled: the men who used the lycopene supplement actually had smaller tumors than the men who did not. Even more intriguing, the tumors taken from the men who used lycopene supplement were more likely to be confined to the prostate, and less likely to have advanced beyond it."
143. A Grain of Hope for Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 7/11/01 - "Ground flaxseed -- a grain that was a dietary staple in the 19th century -- may prevent the growth of prostate cancer and speed the death of tumor cells when combined with a low-fat diet"
144. Quercetin Relieves Prostate Pain - Nutrition Science News, 7/01
145. An Aspirin a Day to Keep Prostate Cancer Away? - WebMD, 6/7/01 - "A growing body of research has suggested that people who regularly take aspirin and other NSAIDs have a lower risk for cancers, including breast cancer and colon cancer. And though the definitive word is not in, new research presented at the annual meeting of the American Urological Association suggests that regular NSAID use can reduce the risk of prostate cancer too"
146. Go Fish! Types High in Fatty Acids May Prevent Prostate Cancer, Herring, Mackerel, and Salmon Recommended - WebMD, 6/1/01 - "Eating fatty fish reduces risk of prostate cancer by about 70%, compared to not eating it, and reduces the risk for death from the disease by about 50%."
147. Red Wine, Coffee, and Almonds May Lower Prostate Cancer Risk, Protective Effect Linked to Dietary Boron - WebMD, 4/5/01 - "men who consumed the greatest amount of boron were 64% less likely to develop prostate cancer, when compared with men who consumed the least amount of boron"
148. Canceling Cancer: New Cancer Prevention Strategies on the Horizon - WebMD, 3/26/01 - "Xing has shown that quercetin blocks androgen receptors when applied to cancer cells in the laboratory ... We are very excited by our finding that the new approach quercetin [can be used] in the fight against prostate cancer"
149. Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer - J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Dec 20;92(24):2018-23 - "For gamma-tocopherol, men in the highest fifth of the distribution had a fivefold reduction in the risk of developing prostate cancer than men in the lowest fifth" - [Full Article]
150. Induction of apoptosis in human prostatic cancer cells with beta-glucan - Mol Urol 2000;4(1):7-13 - "this unique mushroom polysaccharide may have great a potential as an alternative therapeutic modality for prostate cancer"
151. CLA Inhibits Prostate Cancer Growth and Metastasis - Life Extension Magazine, 10/99 - see my CLA page
152. Opposite effects of linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid on human prostatic cancer in SCID mice - Anticancer Res 1998 May;18(3A):1429-1434, 6/99
153. Vitamin E May Prevent Prostate Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 3/18/98 - "long-term use of a moderate-dose vitamin E supplement substantially reduced prostate cancer incidence and deaths in male smokers"
154. Evidence for a local action of melatonin on the rat prostate - J Urol 1998 Mar;159(3):1069-1073 - "The results demonstrate putative melatonin receptors in the rat prostate and suggest a direct suppression by melatonin of testosterone-dependent prostate growth" - See my melatonin page
155. Prostate Cancer Prediction Not Skewed by Finasteride - Medscape, 7/30/07 - "with the exception of the approximate reduction of PSA by half with finasteride, the impact of these risk factors is similar to men who do not receive finasteride"
156. Serum androgens and prostate cancer among 643 cases and 643 controls in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition - Int J Cancer. 2007 May 18 - "After adjustment for potential confounders, there was no significant association with overall risk for prostate cancer for serum total or free testosterone concentrations (highest versus the lowest thirds: OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.73-1.41 and OR, 1.07, 95% CI, 0.74-1.55, respectively) or for other androgens or SHBG"
157. ED Drugs May Treat Urinary Problems - WebMD, 5/23/07 - "Sexual performance in men seems to decline as their prostate enlargement becomes more severe, experts have begun to notice ... A once-a-day dose of Cialis helped men with erectile dysfunction and moderate to severe urinary tract symptoms due to an enlarged prostate improve sexual functioning" - See tadalafil at OffshoreRx1.com.
158. Statins May Cut Prostate Cancer Deaths - WebMD, 5/21/07 - "the greater the men's cholesterol decrease, the more their PSA levels dropped"
159. A number of options for prostate surgery - USA Today, 5/20/07
160. Statin Use Linked With Decreased Prostate Cancer Mortality Rates; Lower PSA Levels - Science Daily, 5/20/07 - "PSA levels declined by 1.1 percent for every 10 mg/dl decrease in LDL ... Reviewing PSA levels among statin users screened in the Finnish Prostate Cancer Screening Trial, researchers from Helsinki found a decrease in prostate cancer incidence in this group ... A significant decrease was found in the incidence of T3 cancers ... Non-statin, lipid-lowering drugs were not associated with incidence, stage or grade"
161. Obesity and benign prostatic enlargement: a large observational study in China - Urology. 2007 Apr;69(4):680-4 - "Obese Chinese men are at increased risk of an enlarged prostate compared with nonobese Chinese men"
162. Statins Take on Advanced Prostate Cancer - Physician's Weekly, 4/2/07 - "The use of statin drugs “was not associated with risk of prostate cancer overall but was associated with a reduced risk of advanced (especially metastatic or fatal) prostate cancer.” ... The relative risk was 0.60 for less than five years of statin use and for 0.26 for five or more years of use"
163. FDA Panel OKs New Prostate Cancer Drug - WebMD, 3/29/07
164. Statins Protect Against Prostate Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 3/27/07 - "Overall, prostate cancer incidence was significantly lower for statin users than non-users (4.0% vs 8.0%, respectively). A significant dose-response relationship was seen for the total cumulative quantity of statin users and incidence of prostate cancer"
165. Age-Specific PSA Cut-Offs Avoid Unnecessary Prostate Biopsies in Older Men - Medscape, 3/27/07 - "When the data was grouped according to 4 specific age categories, mean PSA levels for the control men increased significantly with increased age category: for men younger than 50 years, it was 1.2 ng/mL; 50 to 59 years, 1.8 ng/mL; 60 to 69 years, 3.1 ng/mL; and 70 years or older, 8.9 ng/mL"
166. Inflammation May Play Role In Metastasis Of Prostate Cancer - Science Daily, 3/18/07 - "inflammation associated with the progression of tumors actually plays a key role in the metastasis of prostate cancer"
167. Heart Disease Deaths Increased in the Presence of Androgen Deprivation Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 2/27/07 - "risk was 3% over 5 years compared with 0.9% for men not taking androgen deprivation therapy"
168. Statins vs. Advanced Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 12/19/06 - "Overall, statin use didn't appear to sway the men's chances of being diagnosed with prostate cancer ... Men taking statin drugs were about half as likely to have advanced prostate cancer as those not taking statins"
169. Two Markers Strongly Linked To Prostate Cancer Incidence And Mortality Almost A Decade Prior To Diagnosis - Science Daily, 11/14/06 - "Increased levels of two markers of inflammation, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), are significantly associated with prostate cancer incidence and mortality almost a decade prior to diagnosis"
170. Excess Mortality Seen Among Prostate Cancer Patients on Long Term Androgen Deprivation Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 11/9/06 - "More than 6 months' treatment with these androgen deprivation drugs appears to double the risk of mortality in these patients"
171. Newer Prostate Treatment Has Advantage - WebMD, 11/7/06 - "A computerized program allows doctors to adjust both the strength and the intensity of the beams, so that more radiation is blasted at the tumor and less at critical surrounding organs such as the bladder and rectum"
172. Testosterone therapy for men at risk for or with history of prostate cancer - Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2006 Sep;7(5):363-9 - "Although still controversial, there appears to be little reason to withhold TRT from men with favorable outcomes after definitive treatment for PCa"
173. A New Way to Prevent BPH? - Physician's Weekly, 10/16/06 - "NSAID use was inversely associated with the onset of moderate-to-severe urinary symptoms, low maximum flow rate, and elevated prostate-specific antigen levels"
174. Focal Cryoablation Effective in Destroying Prostate Cancer, Preserving Potency, Continence - Doctor's Guide, 9/28/06 - "At a mean follow-up of 70 months, 92.8% (26 of 28) remained biochemically disease-free and 96% (24 of 25) had no evidence of cancer on post-treatment biopsy ... Potency was completely maintained in 41.8% (13 of 27) of the patients and 40.7% of the others (11 of 27) were potent with erectile dysfunction drugs, for a total potency preservation rate of 88.9%. The patients experienced no other complications, such as incontinence"
175. Testosterone Replacement Therapy and Prostate Cancer - Medscape, 7/19/06 - "there is currently no evidence that testosterone administration can initiate or promote a de novo or pre-existing prostatic malignancy in hypogonadal men.[40] In fact, there are strong indications that normal testosterone levels play a protective role in the natural history of prostate cancer"
176. Identifying Risk Factors for BPH - Physician's Weekly, 6/12/06 - "Obesity, elevated fasting plasma glucose concentration, and diabetes appear to be risk factors for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)"
177. Early Estrogen Exposure Leads To Later Prostate Cancer Risk - Science Daily, 6/1/06 - "exposure to low doses of environmental estrogens during development of the prostate gland in the male fetus may result in a predisposition to prostate cancer later in life"
178. Obesity and Diabetes Increase Risk for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Doctor's Guide, 5/29/06 - "The age-adjusted odds ratio for prostate enlargement in overweight men was 1.41, in obese men, it was 1.27, and in severely obese men, it was 3.52 ... men with elevated fasting plasma glucose levels (>110 mg/dL) were 3 times more likely to have prostate enlargement"
179. Should Older Men Be Screened For Prostate Cancer? - Science Daily, 5/4/06 - "While this form of cancer can be fatal, it often progresses so slowly that men are more likely to die from some other disease"
180. Hypogonadism May Result After Prostatic Disease - Doctor's Guide, 5/1/06 - "men with prostatic diseases should be evaluated for hypogonadism"
181. Elevated Plasma Glucose, Diabetes, Obesity May Increase Risk for BPH - Medscape, 4/20/06 - "Men with elevated fasting glucose (> 110 mg/dL) were more likely to have an enlarged prostate than men with normal fasting glucose (</= 110 mg/dL ... Both elevated fasting glucose and diabetes were associated with high-moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms"
182. New Research Finds Direct Link Between High Cholesterol And Prostate Cancer - Science Daily, 4/12/06 - "men with prostate cancer were around 50% more likely to have had high cholesterol levels[2] than our non-prostate cancer controls. The association was somewhat stronger for men whose high cholesterol levels had been diagnosed before they were 50 and for men over 65, where there was an 80% greater likelihood of high cholesterol levels"
183. Insulin Sensitivity During Combined Androgen Blockade for Prostate Cancer - J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jan 24 - "Short-term treatment with leuprolide and bicalutamide significantly increased fat mass and decreased insulin sensitivity in men with prostate cancer. These observations suggest that gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists may increase the risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in older men"
184. Study questions prostate cancer screening - MSNBC, 1/9/06 - "for some men, detecting prostate cancer early through screening can do more harm than good ... In addition, the PSA tests can yield ambiguous results. Most men who undergo a biopsy because they have elevated PSA levels do not have prostate cancer. And some men with low PSA levels do have cancer"
185. Yearly Prostate Cancer Tests May Save Lives - WebMD, 10/19/05 - "men who have yearly screening are three times less likely to die from prostate cancer than men who don't have the annual tests"
186. Obesity Is Risk Factor For Aggressive Prostate Cancer - Science Daily, 5/23/05 - "Obesity appears to increase the risk of prostate cancer, particularly aggressive disease, and may make it harder to find ... fat makes estrogen-like compounds, which lowers circulating levels of prostate specific antigen ... Hormone changes observed with obesity also cause decreased levels of the male hormone testosterone"
187. Presence Of High-risk Prostate Cancer Can Be Predicted Without A Biopsy, New Study Says - Science Daily, 5/22/05
188. Statin Use Linked to 51% Reduction in Breast Cancer - Medscape, 5/20/05 - "The beneficial effect is seen in more than four years of statin use ... In both the prostate and lung cancer studies, there was a 48% to 54% risk reduction in cancer associated with statin use" - See Zocor at International Anti-aging Systems.
189. Drug Combos Show Success For Treating Prostate Cancer - CBS 2 Chicago, 5/19/05 - "Robert's study coupled a low dose of the drug taxotere with a low dose helper drug called dexamethasone"
190. Study Finds Prostate Cancer In 25% Of High-risk Men With 'Normal' PSA Levels - Science Daily, 5/19/05 - "Men at high risk of developing prostate cancer should undergo aggressive screening for the disease ... 25 percent were diagnosed with the disease despite having a low PSA"
191. Statins Lower Prostate Cancer Risk - WebMD, 4/18/05 - "Compared with men who didn't take cholesterol-lowering drugs, those who did take them had nearly one-half the risk of developing advanced prostate cancer. Risk decreased with increasing duration of use ... looked at 450 men and women with early stage non-small-cell lung cancer"
192. High Cholesterol Levels Accelerate Growth Of Prostate Cancer - Science Daily, 3/27/05 - "The researchers also present evidence that cholesterol-lowering ''statin'' drugs, now widely used in cardiovascular disease, may inhibit cancer growth ... Increased cholesterol levels didn't trigger new cancers in the mice, but six weeks after tumor cells were injected, the incidence of tumors was more than doubled in the mice on high-cholesterol diets, and the tumors were markedly larger in size"
193. Celebrex Provides A Two Pronged Attack Against Prostate Cancer - Science Daily, 3/18/05 - "Celebrex, not only targets COX-2, but also reduces levels of a key protein, cyclin D1, that's critical for cell replication"
194. High Cholesterol May Speed Prostate Cancer - WebMD, 3/17/05 - "Our data support the notion that cholesterol-lowering drugs -- which are widely used and fairly safe -- might be effective in prevention of prostate cancer, or as an adjunctive therapy ... elevated cholesterol levels did not stimulate new prostate cancers but promoted tumor growth"
195. Obesity May Affect Accuracy Of Prostate Screening - Doctor's Guide, 1/24/05 - "as BMI increased, PSA linearly decreased ... These findings, the authors conclude, may explain "the recent reports of inferior outcomes of prostate cancer treatment in obese men" in that they "may be caused by delayed detection" rather than biological differences in the tumor"
196. Celecoxib (Bextra) May Foil Recurrent Prostate Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 10/12/04 - "the rate of increase of prostate specific antigen (PSA), stabilized, slowed, or declined in 92% of 24 men who took celecoxib twice a day for a year"
197. End of an Era for PSA: A Newsmaker Interview With Thomas Stamey, MD - Medscape, 9/17/04 - "Over time, the correlation between PSA levels and the amount of prostate cancer weakened dramatically, from 43% predictive ability in the first five-year group to 2% in the past five years. However, PSA levels continued to be accurate as a direct measure of benign prostatic hyperplasia"
198. Stanford Researcher Declares 'PSA Era Is Over' In Predicting Prostate Cancer Risk - Science Daily, 9/13/04 - "the test now indicates nothing more than the size of the prostate gland"
199. Enlarged Prostate Tied to Sexual Dysfunction - WebMD, 6/11/04 - "urinary tract problems caused by an enlarged prostate, such as getting up many times during the night to urinate, may be associated with erectile dysfunction and other problems relating to sex in older men ... because both of these conditions are common in aging man, it may be very difficult to see if a true association exists outside of an age-related one"
200. New Study Links Common Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs To Reduced Prostate Cancer Risk - Science Daily, 6/8/04 - "men who have taken any amount of these drugs, known as statins, have a 58 percent lower risk of prostate cancer than men who have taken none at all"
201. Prostate Cancer in 15% of Men With Normal PSA - WebMD, 5/26/04 - "Fifteen out of every 100 older men with a normal PSA test actually has prostate cancer"
202. Updated Prostate Cancer Guidelines Recommend Lowering the PSA Threshold, Use of CPSA Test - Doctor's Guide, 4/1/04 - "studies of the incidence of cancer in men whose PSA is in the range of 2.5 to 4.0 ng/mL have shown that a substantial number of men in this group will have cancer"
203. Screening Recommended for Some Men at Age 40 for Prostate Disease - Doctor's Guide, 3/15/04 - "men as young as 40 years of age should be screened for prostate cancer if they have a prostate specific antigen (PSA) level greater than 0.6 ng/mL"
204. Change in Prostate-Specific Antigen Level Over Time Not Useful for Prostate Cancer Screening in Men With Low Levels - Doctor's Guide, 3/1/04 - "Although the increase in risk of prostate cancer is highest among men with PSA levels greater than 4 ng/mL, about 40% of detectable cancers occur in men with levels below this cut-off"
205. Proscar for Prostate Cancer Prevention: Q&A - WebMD, 6/24/03 - "a drug called Proscar can also prevent or delay prostate cancer. It also shows that the drug may increase the risk of aggressive, high-grade prostate tumors. And while men taking Proscar have fewer urinary problems, they also have more sexual problems"
206. Cholesterol Drugs May Prevent Cancer - WebMD, 6/2/03 - "Overall, taking statins reduces risk of developing cancer by 20%, but that protection increases to 36% for people who take statins for four years or more ... But the benefit stops about six months after the patient stops taking the drug ... Statins offer the most protection against prostate and kidney cancer"
207. Vardenafil Effectively Improves Erectile Dysfunction and Depression Following Radical Nerve Sparing Prostatectomy - Doctor's Guide, 5/29/03 - "Whenever you improve erectile dysfunction, you also see an improvement in depression. You just can't tell which is the cause and which is the effect" - See vardenafil.
208. PSA Values Fluctuate Over Time - Medscape, 5/28/03 - "At one or more follow-up visits, these abnormal PSA values normalized in 68 (44%) of 154 subjects with PSA level higher than 4 ng/mL, in 116 (40%) of 291 with level higher than 2.5 ng/mL, in 64 (55%) of 117 with an elevation above the age-specific cutoff, and in 76 (53%) of 143 with a level between 4 and 10 ng/mL and a free-to-total ratio of less than 0.25 ng/mL"
209. Study Shows Lower Prostate Specific Antigen Cut-Point for Proceeding to Biopsy - Doctor's Guide, 4/30/03 - "For younger people, less than 70 years old, especially if they have certain risk factors, I would obtain a biopsy if they have a PSA over 2.5"
210. High Dose Ketoconazole Shows Promise in Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 2/2/03 - "Ketoconazole causes complete androgenic deprivation, blocking the production of both testosterone and suprarenal androgens"
211. Dietary Change May Prevent the Most Serious Form of Prostate Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 8/7/02 - "While high intake of dietary fat and calcium is associated with an increased risk of clinically significant, advanced prostate cancer, it has no apparent impact on risk of early-stage disease"
212. New Leukemia Drug May Fight Prostate Cancer, Too - Intelihealth, 6/12/01 - "Studies have found that Gleevec, also known as STI571, inhibits tumor growth and preserves bone structure in the tibia of mice implanted with human prostate cancer cells"
213. New Treatments May Slow Spread of Prostate Cancer, Drugs Give Patients More Pain-Free Time - WebMD, 5/16/01 - "On average, the men given the atrasentan had a delay in progression of their disease, meaning that they experienced a longer interval without any indicators, such as pain, that the cancer had spread further into the bone. The drug also slowed by half the rise in prostate specific antigen (PSA), a blood marker of the amount of prostate cancer present"

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