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Anti-aging Research > Vitamin K
Vitamin K
Specific Recommendations:
News & Research:
-
Multi-ethnic study suggests vitamin K may offer protective health benefits in
older age - Science Daily, 6/15/20 - "The
meta-analysis, involving nearly 4,000 Americans aged 54-76, one-third of whom
were non-white ... the people with the lowest vitamin K levels had a 19 percent
higher risk of death, compared to the those with vitamin K levels that reflected
adequate vitamin K intake" - See vitamin k2 at Amazon.com and
iHerb.
-
Low
vitamin K levels linked to mobility limitation and disability in older adults
- Science Daily, 6/13/19 - "The new study examined two
biomarkers: circulating levels of vitamin K (phylloquinone) and a functional
measure of vitamin K (plasma ucMGP). Using participant data from the Health,
Aging, and Body Composition Study (Health ABC), the study found that older
adults with low levels of circulating vitamin K were more likely to develop
mobility limitation and disability ... Specifically, older adults with low
circulating vitamin K levels were nearly 1.5 times more likely to develop
mobility limitation and nearly twice as likely to develop mobility disability
compared to those with sufficient levels."
-
Aortic Stiffness
is Associated with Increased Risk of Incident Dementia in Older Adults -
Alzheimers Dis. 2018; 66(1): 297–306 - "The Cardiovascular Health Study
Cognition Study followed 532 non-demented older adults with annual cognitive
exams from 1998–99 through 2013. CfPWV was measured on 356 (mean age = 78, 59%
women) between 1996–2000. Over 15 years, 212 (59.6%) developed dementia (median
time from cfPWV measurement = 4 years). In age and sex-adjusted Cox models,
cfPWV was significantly associated with increased risk of dementia, but systolic
blood pressure, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure were not. CfPWV
(transformed as –1/cfPWV) remained significantly associated with dementia risk
when further adjusted for education, race, APOE4, diabetes, body mass index,
mean arterial pressure, and anti-hypertensive medication (hazard ratio = 1.60,
95%CI = 1.02, 2.51). Results were similar when further adjusted for baseline
global cognition, subclinical brain measures, and coronary artery calcification.
Finally, higher cfPWV was related to lower physical activity intensity and
higher systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and waist circumference measured 5
years prior. An important unanswered question is whether interventions to slow
arterial stiffening can reduce the risk of dementia" - [Nutra
USA] - Note: Some studies support vitamin K for aortic stiffness:
-
Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in
healthy postmenopausal women - Thromb Haemost 2015;
113(05): 1135-1144 - "Indices of local carotid stiffness (intimamedia
thickness IMT, Diameter end-diastole and Distension) were
measured by echotracking. Regional aortic stiffness
(carotid-femoral and carotid-radial Pulse Wave Velocity,
cfPWV and crPWV, respectively) was measured using
mechanotransducers. Circulating desphospho-uncarboxylated
matrix Gla-protein (dp-ucMGP) as well as acute phase markers
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP),
tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and markers for endothelial
dysfunction Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM), E-selectin,
and Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) were measured. At
baseline dp-ucMGP was associated with IMT, Diameter, cfPWV
and with the mean z-scores of acute phase markers (APMscore)
and of markers for endothelial dysfunction (EDFscore). After
three year MK-7 supplementation cfPWV and the Stiffness
Index β significantly decreased in the total group, whereas
distension, compliance, distensibility, Young’s Modulus, and
the local carotid PWV (cPWV) improved in women having a
baseline Stiffness Index β above the median of 10.8. MK-7
decreased dp-ucMGP by 50 % compared to placebo, but did not
influence the markers for acute phase and endothelial
dysfunction. In conclusion, long-term use of MK-7
supplements improves arterial stiffness in healthy
postmenopausal women, especially in women having a high
arterial stiffness" - [Nutra
USA] - See MK-7 at
Amazon.com.
-
Inactive Matrix Gla-Protein and Arterial Stiffness in Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus - American Journal of Hypertension,
Volume 30, Issue 2, 1 February 2017 -
"In our
cross-sectional analysis, circulating dp-ucMGP was
independently associated with CF-PWV in type 2 diabetes.
This suggests that deficient vitamin K-dependent activation
of MGP may lead to large artery stiffening and could be
targeted with vitamin K supplementation in the patients with
diabetes" - [Nutra
USA]
-
Vitamin K2 Steps Into the
Spotlight for Bone and Heart Health - Medscape, 10/10/18 -
"For example, meat products typically include the MK-4
variants, whereas the traditional Japanese vegetarian dish natto ,made from
fermented soybeans, contains MK-7, which provides the highest known vitamin K
activity ... Supplemental K2 has been associated with significant reductions
(approximately 25%-80%) in fracture risk when used alone or combined with
vitamin D and calcium,[7,8] as well as with maintenance of bone density in
osteoporotic patients.[9,10] K1 supplementation has shown comparatively less
benefit for such outcomes ... K2 activates matrix Gla protein (MGP), which keeps
calcium deposits from forming on vessel walls. Research has shown that adequate
K2 intake generally frees calcium up for its more beneficial roles, whereas K2
deficiencies will lead to a buildup of calcifications ... Studies comparing
relatively lower doses of MK-7 supplementation with placebo in early
menopausal[14] and postmenopausal women[15] produced conflicting results, with
the former experiencing no differences in bone loss at 1 year but the latter
seeing less age-related decline in bone content and density at the femoral neck
and lumbar spine at 3 years ... Certain varieties of K2 supplements, such as
MK-7, have also been shown to interfere with anticoagulation therapy, whereas
others like MK-4 carry no risk for hypercoagulation even at relatively high
doses" - See
vitamin K at Amazon.com
 .
-
Low
consumption of vitamin K by adolescents associated with unhealthy enlargement of
the heart's major pumping chamber - Science Daily, 10/2/17 -
"A study of 766 otherwise healthy adolescents
showed that those who consumed the least vitamin K1 -- found in spinach,
cabbage, iceberg lettuce and olive oil -- were at 3.3 times greater risk for an
unhealthy enlargement of the major pumping chamber of their heart ... In the
14-18 year olds who consumed the least vitamin K1, the study found the overall
size and wall thickness of the left ventricle were already significantly greater
and the amount of blood the heart pumped out significantly lower ... Only 25
percent of the teens in the study met current adequate intake levels" -
See
vitamin K at Amazon.com.
-
Kids with low vitamin K2 status at greater risk of fracture: new study -
Nutraceutical Business Review, 6/13/17 - "Bone fractures
are very common in children and their number is growing every year. Vitamin D
has a proven role in the prevention of fractures… [but the] past decade has seen
increased interest in the role of Vitamin K, especially K2 menaquinone-7, in
bone health and prevention of bone fractures" - [Nutra
USA] - See
MK-7 at Amazon.com.
-
Efficiency of Use of
Dietary Supplement Arteroprotect® In Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases -
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, Feb. 2017 -
"In study group there was a significant reduction in
mean values of cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL- cholesterol, as well as an
increase in mean values of HDL-cholesterol, whereas in the control group there
was a significant decrease in the mean values of all observed laboratory
parameters. This indicates a significant impact ARTEROprotect® in terms of
sinergistic effect with a statin. In fact, earlier studies have shown that as
many as 56,2% of respondents who receive statin do not reach the target value of
LDL-cholesterol" - Note: The
Nutra USA article claims that
ARTEROprotect®
contains 45 mcg of vitamin K2 and and 20 mg of octacosanol which is Policosanol.
See vitamin K2 at Amazon.com and
Policosanol at Amazon.com.
-
Is Vitamin K2 the New
Vitamin D? - Medscape, 11/18/14 - "Deficiencies of
vitamin K2 are now being reported in serious journals to be associated with—get
this—all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, many
forms of cancer, dementia, and chronic inflammation" - See
vitamin K at Amazon.com.
-
The Week in
Bone Health | Breaking news on natural vitamin K2 MK-7 - betterbones.com,
6/25/12 - "Noted vitamin K expert Dr. Cees Vermeer led
the European study which found that natural vitamin K2 as MK-7 (MenaQ 7 ®)
significantly increases the strength of both the spine and the hip in
postmenopausal women"
-
Vitamin
K2: New hope for Parkinson's patients? - Science Daily, 5/11/12 -
"Fruit flies (Drosophila) are frequently used in lab
experiments because of their short life spans and breeding cycles, among other
things ... When the flies were given vitamin K2, the energy production in their
mitochondria was restored and the insects' ability to fly improved. The
researchers were also able to determine that the energy production was restored
because the vitamin K2 had improved electron transport in the mitochondria. This
in turn led to improved energy production ... Vitamin K2 plays a role in the
energy production of defective mitochondria. Because defective mitochondria are
also found in Parkinson's patients with a PINK1 or Parkin mutation, vitamin K2
potentially offers hope for a new treatment for Parkinson's"
-
Vitamin K may cut lymph cancer risk: US study - Nutra USA, 4/21/10
-
Vitamin
K may protect against developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, say Mayo Clinic
researchers - Science Daily, 4/19/10 - "the risk of
developing Non-Hodgkin lymphoma was approximately 45 percent lower for
participants who had vitamin K intakes in the top quartile of intake in the
study (>108 ug/day), compared to participants who had intakes in the bottom
quartile (<39 ug/day). This association remained after accounting for other
factors such as age, sex, education, obesity, smoking, alcohol use and intake of
foods with high amounts of antioxidants"
-
New
Vitamin K Analysis Supports The Triage Theory - Science Daily, 9/17/09 -
"An important analysis conducted by Children's Hospital
Oakland Research Institute scientists suggests the importance of ensuring
optimal dietary intakes of vitamin K to prevent age-related conditions such as
bone fragility, arterial and kidney calcification, cardiovascular disease, and
possibly cancer ... Average intakes of vitamin K in the United States and the
United Kingdom are less even than currently recommended intakes, which are
primarily based on levels to ensure adequate coagulation. McCann & Ames'
analysis supports recommendations by some experts that non-clotting functions
requiring vitamin K may need higher intakes than are currently recommended"
-
Study strengthens Vitamin K1's heart benefits - Nutra USA, 5/26/09 -
"Subjects receiving a daily vitamin K1 plus multivitamin
supplement experienced 6 per cent less progression of coronary artery
calcification (CAC), or hardening of the arteries that leads to atherosclerosis
and cardiovascular disease" - [Abstract]
-
Review supports vitamin K's fracture reducing power - Nutra USA, 5/20/09 -
"The most important findings in this review are that
although supplementation with lower doses of vitamin K may be sufficient to
reduce serum ucOC levels, supplementation with higher doses may be required for
optimal bone health" - [Abstract]
-
Vitamin K and prostate cancer – study supports benefits - Nutra USA, 3/31/09
- "increased intakes of vitamin K2, but not K1, were
associated with a 35 per cent reduction in prostate cancer risk. The potential
benefits of K2 were more pronounced for advanced prostate cancer ... A higher
ratio of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) to intact total osteocalcin (iOC)
is indicative of poorer vitamin K status ... of ucOC and iOC were analysed from
serum samples, and every 0.1 increment in the ratio was associated with a 38 per
cent increase in advanced-stage prostate cancer, and a 21 per cent increase in
high-grade prostate cancer" - [Abstract]
- See
vitamin K at Amazon.com.
-
Vitamin K2, but not K1, effective for heart health benefits: Study - Nutra
USA, 2/12/09 - "This study confirms our findings in the
Rotterdam study, showing that increased vitamin K2 intake strongly reduces the
risk of coronary heart disease" - [Abstract]
-
Vitamin
K Linked To Insulin Resistance In Older Men - Science Daily, 11/26/08 -
"Vitamin K slowed the development of insulin resistance
in elderly men in a study of 355 non-diabetic men and women ages 60 to 80 who
completed a three-year clinical trial at the Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research
Center on Aging at Tufts University"
-
Vitamin K2 linked to better heart health - Nutra USA, 9/10/08 -
"When the intakes of K1 and K2 were divided into four
groups from the lowest to highest, no association was found between K1 intakes
and calcification. However, high consumption of K2 (about 45 micrograms per day)
was associated with 20 per cent decreased coronary calcification, compared with
low consumption of K2 (about 18micrograms per day)"
-
Effect of vitamin K
supplementation on insulin resistance in older men and women - Diabetes
Care. 2008 Aug 12 - "The effect of 36-month vitamin K
supplementation on HOMA-IR differed by sex (sex-by-treatment interaction: P =
0.02). HOMA-IR was statistically significantly lower at the 36-month visit among
men in the supplement group vs. the men in the control group (P = 0.01) after
adjustment for baseline HOMA-IR, BMI, and body weight change. There were no
statistically significant differences in outcome measures between intervention
groups in women ... Vitamin K supplementation for 36 months at doses attainable
in the diet may reduce progression of insulin resistance in older men"
-
Vitamin K good for young bones, too: study - Nutra USA, 7/17/08 -
"These findings suggest that improvement in vitamin
K status, and thus in the amount of active osteocalcin, might significantly
improve bone health in children, even in those with arthritis"
-
Vitamin K2 linked to lower prostate cancer risk - Nutra USA, 4/9/08 -
"While no reduction in the risk of prostate cancer
was observed for vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), an increased intake of all
menaquinones (vitamin K2) was associated with a 35 per cent reduction in
risk"
-
Study gives vitamin K anti-inflammation boost - Nutra USA, 12/3/07 -
"Limited in vitro data support the inverse
association between vitamin K and interleukin-6, and this may influence the
association between vitamin K and other cytokines, such as osteoprotegerin"
- [Abstract]
-
Vitamin K shows potential in the fight against wrinkles - Nutra USA,
10/19/07 - [Abstract]
- "Recent studies have linked vitamin K to the
elasticity of skin in patients suffering from pseudoxanthoma elasticum
(PXE), an inherited condition resulting in severe wrinkling of the skin on
the face and body"
-
Vitamin K linked to fewer varicose veins, better vascular health - Nutra
USA, 8/23/07 - "they suggested that adequate dietary
intake of vitamin K may be a necessary prerequisite in preventing the
development of varicose veins" - [Abstract]
-
Vitamin K may reverse arterial calcification - Nutra USA, 4/3/07 -
"using 10-week old male Wistar Kyoto rats ...
high-vitamin K intake (both K1 and K2) not only blocked the progress of
further calcium accumulation but also lead to a greater than 37 per cent
reduction of previously accumulated arterial calcium precipitates within six
weeks"
-
Many
Seniors Are Still Not Meeting The Recommended Intake Of Vitamin K -
Science Daily, 2/12/07 - "Although older adults seem
to consume more vitamin K than younger adults, many seniors are still not
meeting the recommended intake of vitamin K ... Research has shown poor
vitamin K intake may be associated with conditions such as bone fractures,
bone loss, hardening of the arteries, and osteoarthritis"
-
Vitamin K may reverse artery hardening, suggests study - Nutra USA,
12/11/06 - "A high-dose vitamin K supplement reduced
calcium precipitates associated with hardening of the arteries by 37 per
cent in rats"
-
Study Suggests Vitamin K Deficiency as an Osteoporosis Risk Factor -
Doctor's Guide, 9/22/06 - "one of the early effects
of declining estrogen is the impairment of vitamin K function in bone even
before any bone loss that could be attributed to menopause can be measured
... Our study suggests that the generally accepted level of vitamin K in
healthy women is inadequate to maintain bone health just at the onset of
menopause"
-
Vitamin K1-rich diet linked to better heart health - Nutra USA, 8/29/06
-
Strong support for vitamin K’s bone health benefits - Nutra USA, 6/27/06
- "Supplementation of vitamin K (MK-4) resulted in
reductions in hip fractures of 77 per cent, vertebral fracture of 60 per
cent, and all non-vertebral fractures of 81 per cent"
-
More support for vitamin K’s protection from osteoarthritis - Nutra USA,
4/12/06 - "Higher intake of vitamin K, found
naturally in cabbage, spinach, cauliflower, and other green leafy
vegetables, could reduce the risk of osteoarthritic knee problems by 40 per
cent"
-
Vitamin K's Delicate Balancing Act
- Life Extension Magazine, 4/06 -
"Scientists have discovered that vitamin K regulates
several biochemical processes that require exquisite balance to function
normally, including blood coagulation, bone mineralization, and vascular
health"
-
Vitamin K in the Treatment and Prevention of Osteoporosis - Am J
Health-Syst Pharm. 2005;62(15):1574-1581/Medscape, 8/5/05 -
"The results of two dose-response studies have
indicated that (1) the amount of vitamin K needed for optimal
γ-carboxylation of osteocalcin is significantly higher than what is provided
by diet alone and (2) there is a need to increase current dosage
recommendations to optimize bone mineralization"
-
Vitamin K Builds
Strong Bones - New Hope Natural Media, 3/28/03 -
"Without adequate vitamin K, osteocalcin cannot be
produced, and bone formation becomes impaired ... when women with
osteoporosis take supplemental vitamin K, the urinary excretion of
calcium falls by about 50%, suggesting that less calcium is being leached
from the bones ... Some research, however, suggests that the optimal level
of intake may be higher, as much as 400 mcg per day. A typical western diet
contains 80 to 150 mcg per day"
-
Vitamin K(1) Absorption Unreliable in Infants with Conjugated
Hyperbilirubinaemia - Doctor's Guide, 3/5/03
-
Watch Out for Vitamin K?
- Dr. Weil, 11/27/02
-
Low Bone Mineral Density and Quantitative Ultrasound in Men Associated with
Low Vitamin K Status - Doctor's Guide, 9/23/02 -
"Low vitamin K status is associated with low
quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and low bone
mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck and trochanter ... What we did
was measure the amount of vitamin K in circulation and use the more
sensitive measures of vitamin K status which was % undercarboxylated
osteocalcin ... We corrected for triglycerides because vitamin K is
transported in the blood by triglyceride-rich
lipoproteins ... What we found was that the higher the amounts of vitamin K
in the plasma, the higher the BMD" - So does that mean that if your
triglycerides are in check you may need extra vitamin K? - Ben
-
Vitamin K Therapy Slows
Spread of Liver Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 5/29/02 -
"Results show that 59 percent of patients treated
with vitamin K-II were alive at two years compared to 29 percent of those
who were not given vitamin K-II (p=0.14). Invasion of the
cancer into the portal vein occurred in 2 percent of the vitamin K-II
treated group at one year and in 13 percent at two years, compared to 21 and
55 percent of controls, respectively" - Also see
liver cancer. Vitamin K3 (menadione sodium bisulfite) is put in animal
foods and animal vitamins.
-
Hydrogenated Oils Affect Amount of Vitamin K Available to Bone -
Doctor's Guide, 11/30/01 -
"Hydrogenation of plant oils decreases the amount of
vitamin K available to bone in consumers using food products containing the
oils ... available data indicate that more than half of younger US adults do
not meet the current guidelines governing adequate intake of the nutrient"
- Another reason to stay away from the brands of peanut butter that are
hydrogenated. - Ben
Abstracts:
-
The Polyunsaturated Fatty
Acids Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid, and Vitamin K1 Modulate
the Gut Microbiome: A Study Using an In Vitro Shime Model - J Diet Suppl
2023 Apr 20;1-19 - "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFAs) and vitamins exert multiple beneficial effects on host health, some of
which may be mediated through the gut microbiome. We investigated the prebiotic
potential of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and
lipid-soluble phylloquinone (vitamin K1), each at 0.2x, 1x and 5x using the
simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME®) to exclude in
vivo systemic effects and host-microbe interaction ... In conclusion, our in
vitro data further establish a role of PUFAs and vitamin K to modulate the gut
microbiome with effects on the production of SCFAs and barrier integrity"
- See omega-3 supplements at Amazon.com
and vitamin K at Amazon.com.
-
Higher Dietary Vitamin K
Intake is Associated with Better Physical Function and Lower Long-Term Injurious
Falls Risk in Community-Dwelling Older Women - J Nutr Health Aging 2023 -
"A higher habitual Vitamin K1 intake was associated with
better physical function and lower long-term injurious falls risk in
community-dwelling older women. In the context of musculoskeletal health,
Vitamin K1 found abundantly in green leafy vegetables should be promoted"
- See vitamin K at Amazon.com.
-
Efficacy and safety of
vitamin K2 for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at a long-term follow-up:
meta-analysis and systematic review - J Bone Miner Metab 2022 Jun 16 -
"This
meta-analysis and systematic review seemed to support the hypothesis that
vitamin K2 plays an important role in the maintenance and improvement of BMD,
and it decreases uc-OC and increases OC significantly at a long-term follow-up.
Vitamin K2 supplementation is beneficial and safe in the treatment of
osteoporosis for postmenopausal women"
-
Inverse association between
plasma phylloquinone and risk of ischemic stroke in Chinese adults with
hypertension and high body mass index: a nested case-control study - J Nutr
2022 Jun 6 - "In Chinese patients with hypertension,
there was an inverse association between baseline plasma phylloquinone and risk
of first ischemic stroke among those with higher BMI" - Note: People take
vitamin k antagonists such as Warfarin to prevent strokes. I'm not a doctor but
it sounds like they could also be contributing to strokes by reducing plasma
vitamin K.
-
Relationship Amongst Vitamin
K Status, Vitamin K Antagonist Use and Osteoarthritis: A Review - Drugs
Aging 2022 May 30 - "vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) ... in limited retrospective
and prospective studies, the use of VKAs is associated positively with OA
occurrence and knee/hip replacement" - See
vitamin k2 at Amazon.com.
-
The impact of vitamin K2 and
native vitamin D supplementation on vascular calcification in pediatric patients
on regular hemodialysis. A randomized controlled trial - Eur J Clin Nutr
2021 Nov 29 - "Vascular calcification is one of the most
prevalent disorders in pediatric hemodialysis patients that eventually lead to
cardiovascular morbidity. Vitamin K2 was investigated in adults in previous
studies and showed favorable effects on calcification markers ... Vitamin K2 and
native vitamin D showed a beneficial effect on calcification regulators in
pediatric hemodialysis patients" - See
vitamin k2 at Amazon.com and
vitamin D at Amazon.com.
-
Vitamin K status, all-cause
mortality, and cardiovascular disease in adults with chronic kidney disease: the
Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort - Am J Clin Nutr 2021 Nov 12 -
"Vascular calcification contributes to cardiovascular
disease (CVD) and mortality in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Vitamin K-dependent proteins function as calcification inhibitors in vascular
tissue ... All-cause mortality risk was 21-29% lower among participants with
plasma (dp)ucMGP <450 pmol/L (n = 2361) compared to those with plasma (dp)ucMGP
≥450 pmol/L [adjusted HRs (95%CIs): < 300 pmol/L = 0.71(0.61, 0.83), 300-449
pmol/L = 0.77(0.66, 0.90)] and 16-19% lower among participants with plasma
phylloquinone ≥0.50 nmol/L (n = 2421) compared to those with plasma
phylloquinone <0.50 nmol/L [adjusted HRs: 0.50, 0.99 nmol/L = 0.84(0.72, 0.99),
≥1.00 nmol/L = 0.81(0.70, 0.95)]. The risk for atherosclerotic CVD events did
not significantly differ across plasma (dp)ucMGP or phylloquinone categories"
-
The effect of vitamin K1 on
arterial calcification activity in subjects with diabetes mellitus: a post hoc
analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial - Am J Clin
Nutr 2021 Oct 12 - "In individuals with diabetes
mellitus, supplementation with 10 mg vitamin K1/d may prevent the development of
newly calcifying lesions within the aorta and the coronary arteries as detected
using 18F-NaF PET. Further long-term studies are needed to test this hypothesis"
-
Dietary Vitamin K Intake and
the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Prospective Study of 101,695 American Adults
- Am J Epidemiol 2021 Oct 1 - "dietary intakes of
phylloquinone (for quartile 4 vs. quartile 1, hazard ratio (HR) = 0.57, 95%
confidence interval (CI): 0.39, 0.83; P for trend = 0.002) and
dihydrophylloquinone (for quartile 4 vs. quartile 1, HR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.41,
0.85; P for trend = 0.006), but not menaquinones (for quartile 4 vs. quartile 1,
HR = 0.93 ... dietary intakes of phylloquinone and dihydrophylloquinone, but not
menaquinones, confer a lower risk of pancreatic cancer"
-
High vitamin K status is
prospectively associated with decreased left ventricular mass in women: the
Hoorn Study - Nutr J 2021 Oct 19 - "High vitamin K
status is prospectively associated with decreased left ventricular mass in
women: the Hoorn Study ... This study showed a high vitamin K status being
associated with decreased LVMI only in women, while intakes of vitamin K were
not associated with any cardiac structure or function measures. These results
extend previous findings for a role of vitamin K status to decrease heart
failure risk"
-
The Association of Low
Vitamin K Status with Mortality in a Cohort of 138 Hospitalized Patients with
COVID-19 - Nutrients 2021, 13(6) - "In conclusion,
we found that low vitamin K status was associated with mortality in patients
with COVID-19 in sex- and age-adjusted analyses, but not in analyses
additionally adjusted for co-morbidities" - [Nutra
USA]
-
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7)
increases plasma adiponectin but does not affect insulin sensitivity in
postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial - Eur J Clin Nutr 2021
Mar 4 - "Vitamin K is a co-factor in the carboxylation
of the bone matrix protein osteocalcin (OC), and thus decreases the
concentration of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC). Animal and in vitro
studies suggest that ucOC increases insulin sensitivity ... One hundred
forty-eight postmenopausal women received MK-7 375 µg daily or placebo, as an
add-on to calcium (800 mg) and vitamin D (38 µg) for 12 months ... S-ucOC
decreased in the MK-7 group (-70.3 (-75.6; -63.8) %) compared to the placebo
group (-7.2 (-15.9; 2.0) %) after 12 months (p < 0.01). P-adiponectin increased
in the MK-7 group (6.1 ± 20.1%) (mean ± SD) compared to the placebo group (-0.7
± 15.5%) after 12 months (p = 0.03). HOMA-IR and p-leptin did not change in the
two groups"
-
Statins, vascular
calcification, and vitamin K-dependent proteins: Is there a relation? -
Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2021 Feb 26 - "The present
cross-sectional clinical study aimed to examine the connection between statin
exposure, coronary artery calcification (CAC), and vitamin K-dependent proteins
(VKDPs) in patients with cardiovascular (CV) conditions. Two groups of patients
were studied: patients with established CV disease (CVD) and healthy patients at
moderate risk for CVD (a control group). The groups were also split into statin
users and non-users. The following VKDPs were measured in plasma: uncarboxylated
Matrix Gla-protein (ucMGP), undercarboxylated (ucOC), and carboxylated
osteocalcin (cOC), Gla-rich protein (GRP). CAC score (CACS) was determined by
multislice computed tomography. Among all the participants in the study, CACS
was more pronounced in statin users compared to non-users; the same was found
also among the CVD patients and among the controls. While the levels of ucMGP
and GRP did not differ between statin users and non-users, ucOC and ucOC/cOC
were significantly elevated in statin users, indicating vitamin K deficiency.
There was a positive correlation between the levels of ucOC and CACS in the
entire population and in the group of statin users, but not in statin non-users.
No association was found between ucMGP or GRP and CACS. Statins had also an
impact on the international normalized ratio and interacted with vitamin K
antagonists (VKAs). Our results are in agreement with the existing evidence
about positive association between statins and vascular calcification. They
enlighten to a certain extent the possible mechanisms through which statins may
enhance calcium accumulation in arterial wall, namely, by inhibition of vitamin
K dependent proteins and functions involved in vascular protection." - [Nutra
USA] - See vitamin k2 at Amazon.com.
-
Vitamin K metabolism as the
potential missing link between lung damage and thromboembolism in Covid-19 -
Br J Nutr 2020 Oct 7;1-25 - "Coronavirus disease 2019
(Covid-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, exerts far-reaching effects on public health
and socioeconomic welfare. The majority of infected individuals have mild to
moderate symptoms but a significant proportion develops respiratory failure due
to pneumonia. Thrombosis is another frequent manifestation of Covid-19 that
contributes to poor outcomes. Vitamin K plays a crucial role in activation of
both pro- and anticlotting factors in the liver, and the activation of
extrahepatically synthesised protein S which seems to be important in local
thrombosis prevention. However, the role of vitamin K extends beyond
coagulation. Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a vitamin K-dependent inhibitor of soft
tissue calcification and elastic fibre degradation. Severe extrahepatic vitamin
K insufficiency was recently demonstrated in Covid-19 patients, with high
inactive MGP levels correlating with elastic fibre degradation rates. This
suggests that insufficient vitamin K-dependent MGP activation leaves elastic
fibres unprotected against SARS-CoV-2 induced proteolysis. In contrast to MGP,
Covid-19 patients have normal levels of activated factor II, in line with
previous observations that vitamin K is preferentially transported to the liver
for activation of procoagulant factors. We therefore expect that vitamin
K-dependent endothelial protein S activation is also compromised, which would be
compatible with enhanced thrombogenicity. Taking these data together, we propose
a mechanism of pneumonia-induced vitamin K depletion, leading to a decrease in
activated MGP and protein S, aggravating pulmonary damage and coagulopathy,
respectively" - [Nutra
USA] - See vitamin k2 at Amazon.com and
iHerb.
-
Association of Dietary
Vitamin K and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Middle-Age Adults: The Hordaland
Health Study Cohort - BMJ 2020 May 21 - "During a
median follow-up time of 11 years, we documented 112 incident CHD cases. In the
adjusted analyses, there was no association between intake of vitamin K1 and CHD
(HRQ4vsQ1 = 0.92 (95% CI 0.54 to 1.57), p for trend 0.64), while there was a
lower risk of CHD associated with higher intake of energy-adjusted vitamin K2
(HRQ4vsQ1 = 0.52 (0.29 to 0.94), p for trend 0.03). Further adjustment for
potential dietary confounders did not materially change the association for K1,
while the association for K2 was slightly attenuated (HRQ4vsQ1 = 0.58 (0.28 to
1.19)) ... A higher intake of vitamin K2 was associated with lower risk of CHD,
while there was no association between intake of vitamin K1 and CHD" - [Nutra
USA]
-
Reduced Vitamin K
Status as A Potentially Modifiable Prognostic Risk Factor in COVID-19 -
pharmacology & toxicology 24 Apr 2020 - "We hypothesized
that vitamin K status is reduced in patients with severe COVID-19. Methods:
Vitamin K status was assessed by measuring desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla
protein (dp-ucMGP; inversely related to vitamin K status) and the rate of
elastin degradation by measuring desmosine. We included 123 patients who were
admitted with COVID-19 and 184 controls. Results: Dp-ucMGP levels were
significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients (1,673Å}1,584 pmol/L) compared to
controls (536±291 pmol/L; p<0.0005). Dp-ucMGP levels were significantly higher
in COVID-19 patients with unfavorable outcome compared to those with less severe
disease. Furthermore, dp-ucMGP and desmosine levels were significantly
associated (r=0.65; p<0.0005). Conclusions: Vitamin K status was reduced in
patients with COVID-19 and related to poor prognosis. Also, low vitamin K status
seems to be associated with accelerated elastin degradation. An intervention
trial is now needed to assess whether vitamin K administration improves outcome
in patients with COVID-19" - [Nutra
USA] - See vitamin K at Amazon.com and
vitamin K at
iHerb.com.
-
Early Vascular Ageing in
Chronic Kidney Disease: Impact of Inflammation, Vitamin K, Senescence and
Genomic Damage - Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020 Mar 1 -
"Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical model of
premature ageing characterized by cardiovascular disease, persistent uraemic
inflammation, osteoporosis muscle wasting and frailty. The accelerated early
vascular ageing (EVA) process mediated by medial vascular calcification (VC) is
a hallmark of senescence as well as a strong predictor of cardiovascular
morbidity and mortality in the CKD population ... An accumulating body of
evidence indicates that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage-induced cellular
senescence and 'inflammaging' may largely contribute to such pathological
conditions characterized by accelerated EVA. Growing evidence shows that nuclear
factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signalling and vitamin K play a
crucial role in counteracting oxidative stress, DNA damage, senescence and
inflammaging, whereby NRF2 activation and vitamin K supplementation may provide
a novel treatment target for EVA. In this review we discuss the link between
senescence and EVA in the context of CKD, with a focus on the role of NRF2 and
vitamin K in DNA damage signalling, senescence and inflammaging" - [Nutra
USA]
-
Central Hemodynamics in
Relation to Circulating Desphospho-Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein: A
Population Study - J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 Apr 2 - "Stiffening and
calcification of the large arteries are forerunners of cardiovascular
complications. MGP (Matrix Gla protein), which requires vitamin K-dependent
activation, is a potent locally acting inhibitor of arterial calcification ...
In people representative for the general population, higher inactive dp-uc MGP
was associated with greater PWV , central pulse pressure, forward pulse wave,
and backward pulse wave. These observations highlight new avenues for preserving
vascular integrity and preventing cardiovascular complications (eg, by improving
a person's vitamin K status)" - [Nutra
USA]
-
The
Bone—Vasculature Axis: Calcium Supplementation and the Role of Vitamin K -
Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 05 February 2019 - "Data
suggest that supplementing post-menopausal women with high doses of calcium has
a detrimental impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Chronic kidney
disease (CKD) patients are prone to vascular calcification in part due to
impaired phosphate excretion. Calcium-based phosphate binders further increase
risk of vascular calcification progression. In both bone and vascular tissue,
vitamin K-dependent processes play an important role in calcium homeostasis and
it is tempting to speculate that vitamin K supplementation might protect from
the potentially untoward effects of calcium supplementation. This review
provides an update on current literature on calcium supplementation among
post-menopausal women and CKD patients and discusses underlying molecular
mechanisms of vascular calcification. We propose therapeutic strategies with
vitamin K2 treatment to prevent or hold progression of vascular calcification as
a consequence of excessive calcium intake" - [Nutra
USA] - See vitamin K2 at Amazon.com.
-
Inactive
matrix Gla protein is a novel circulating biomarker predicting retinal
arteriolar narrowing in humans - Scientific Reportsvolume 8, Article number:
15088 (2018) - "Our observations highlight the possibility that vitamin K
supplementation might promote retinal health" - [Nutra
USA]
-
Oral Consumption of
Vitamin K2 for 8 Weeks Associated With Increased Maximal Cardiac Output During
Exercise - Altern Ther Health Med. 2017 Jul;23(4):26-32 -
"Vitamin K1 and K2 are not typically common in a Western
diet because they are found in a variety of fermented foods. Vitamin K2 in
particular has been demonstrated to restore mitochondrial function and has a key
role in production of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate. Thus, it is
reasonable to speculate that dietary supplementation with vitamin K2 could
increase the function of muscle with high mitochondrial content (ie, skeletal
and cardiac muscle) ... Vitamin K2 supplementation was associated with a 12%
increase in maximal cardiac output, with P = .031, with a trend toward an
increase in heart-rate AUC, with P = .070" - [Nutra
USA] - See
vitamin K at Amazon.com.
-
Joint Association of Low
Vitamin D and Vitamin K Status With Blood Pressure and Hypertension -
Hypertension. 2017 Apr 10 - "The combination of low
vitamin D and K status was associated with increased blood pressure and a trend
for greater hypertension risk" - See
vitamin D at Amazon.com
and
MK-7 at Amazon.com.
-
Inactive Matrix Gla-Protein
and Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - Am J Hypertens. 2016
Dec 7 - "Large artery stiffness is increased in diabetes
mellitus and causes an excessive pulsatile load to the heart and to the
microvasculature. The identification of pathways related to arterial stiffness
may provide novel therapeutic targets to ameliorate arterial stiffness in
diabetes. Matrix Gla-Protein (MGP) is an inhibitor of vascular calcification.
Activation of MGP is vitamin K dependent. We hypothesized that levels of
inactive MGP (dephospho-uncarboxylated MGP; dp-ucMGP) are related to arterial
stiffness in type 2 diabetes ... In our cross-sectional analysis, circulating
dp-ucMGP was independently associated with CF-PWV in type 2 diabetes. This
suggests that deficient vitamin K-dependent activation of MGP may lead to large
artery stiffening and could be targeted with vitamin K supplementation in the
patients with diabetes" - [Nutra
USA] - See MK7 at Amazon.com.
Other article mentioned in the
Nutra USA article:
-
Cardiovascular Disease
Death Before Age 65 in 168 Countries Correlated Statistically with Biometrics,
Socioeconomic Status, Tobacco, Gender, Exercise, Macronutrients, and Vitamin K
- Cureus. 2016 Aug 24;8(8):e748 - "The attributable
risks of the variables in the CVD early death formula were: too much alcohol
(0.38%), too little vitamin K2 (6.95%), tobacco (6.87%), high blood pressure
(9.01%), air pollution (9.15%), early childhood death (3.64%), poverty (7.66%),
and male gender (6.13%)" - [Nutra
USA] - See
MK-7 at Amazon.com.
-
Inhibition of TNF-α,
IL-1α, and IL-1β by Pretreatment of Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages with
Menaquinone-7 and Cell Activation with TLR Agonists In Vitro - J Med Food.
2016 May 20 - "Circulatory markers of low-grade
inflammation such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 alpha
(IL-1α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) positively correlate with endothelial
damage, atheroma formation, cardiovascular disease, and aging ... MK-7 is able
to modulate immune and inflammatory reactions in the dose-response inhibition of
TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β gene expression and protein production by the healthy
hMDMs in vitro" - [Nutra
USA]
-
Plausible ergogenic
effects of vitamin D on athletic performance and recovery - J Int Soc Sports
Nutr. 2015 Aug 19 - "The hormonally-active form of
vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, has been shown to play critical roles in the
human body and regulates over 900 gene variants. Based on the literature
presented, it is plausible that vitamin D levels above the normal reference
range (up to 100 nmol/L) might increase skeletal muscle function, decrease
recovery time from training, increase both force and power production, and
increase testosterone production, each of which could potentiate athletic
performance. Therefore, maintaining higher levels of vitamin D could prove
beneficial for athletic performance ... it is possible that dosages exceeding
the recommendations for vitamin D (i.e. dosages up to 4000-5000 IU/day), in
combination with 50 to 1000 mcg/day of vitamin K1 and K2 could aid athletic
performance" - [Nutra
USA] - Note:
100 nmol/L
equals 40 ng/ml. I think they usually use ng/ml in the U.S. At
least that's what my blood tests show. See
vitamin D at Amazon.com.
-
High-Dose
Menaquinone-7 Supplementation Reduces Cardiovascular Calcification in a Murine
Model of Extraosseous Calcification - Nutrients. 2015 Aug 18 - "MK-7
supplementation inhibited cardiovascular calcification and decreased aortic
alkaline phosphatase tissue concentrations. Furthermore, MK-7 supplementation
increased aortic MGP messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression (10-fold; p <
0.05). CKD-induced arterial hypertension with secondary myocardial hypertrophy
and increased elastic fiber breaking points in the arterial tunica media did not
change with MK-7 supplementation. Our results show that high-dose MK-7
supplementation inhibits the development of cardiovascular calcification. The
protective effect of MK-7 may be related to the inhibition of secondary
mineralization of damaged vascular structures"
-
Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy
postmenopausal women: double-blind randomised clinical trial - Thromb
Haemost. 2015 Feb 19 - "Healthy postmenopausal women (n=244) received either
placebo (n=124) or MK-7 (n=120) for three years ... In conclusion, long-term use
of MK-7 supplements improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women,
especially in women having a high arterial stiffness" - [Nutra
USA] - See MK-7 at Amazon.com.
-
Dietary
Intake of Vitamin K Is Inversely Associated with Mortality Risk - J Nutr.
2014 Mar 19 - "A prospective cohort analysis was
conducted in 7216 participants from the PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta
Mediterránea) study (median follow-up of 4.8 y). Energy and nutrient intakes
were evaluated using a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire. Dietary
vitamin K intake was calculated annually using the USDA food composition
database and other published sources ... Energy-adjusted baseline dietary
phylloquinone intake was inversely associated with a significantly reduced risk
of cancer and all-cause mortality after controlling for potential confounders
(HR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.96; and HR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.90, respectively).
In longitudinal assessments, individuals who increased their intake of
phylloquinone or menaquinone during follow-up had a lower risk of cancer (HR:
0.64; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.95; and HR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.64, respectively) and
all-cause mortality (HR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.73; and HR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.42,
0.73, respectively) than individuals who decreased or did not change their
intake. Also, individuals who increased their intake of dietary phylloquinone
had a lower risk of cardiovascular mortality risk (HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.31,
0.86)"
-
Vitamin K1
and 25(OH)D are independently and synergistically associated with a risk for hip
fracture in an elderly population: A case control study - Clin Nutr. 2014
Jan 29 - "Vitamin K1 and 25(OH)D are independently and
synergistically associated with the risk of hip fracture when adjusting for
confounders" - See
vitamin K at Amazon.com.
-
Vitamin K status and
cognitive function in healthy older adults - Neurobiol Aging. 2013
Dec;34(12):2777-83 - "Using data from the Québec
Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging (NuAge), a cross-sectional
analysis was conducted to examine the associations between vitamin K status,
measured as serum phylloquinone concentrations, and performance in verbal and
non-verbal episodic memory, executive functions, and speed of processing. The
sample included 320 men and women aged 70 to 85 years who were free of cognitive
impairment. After adjustment for covariates, higher serum phylloquinone
concentration (log-transformed) was associated with better verbal episodic
memory performances (F = 2.43, p = 0.048); specifically with the scores
(Z-transformed) on the second (β = 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] =
0.13-0.82), third (β = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.06-0.75), and 20-minute delayed (β =
0.47; 95% CI = 0.12-0.82) free recall trials of the RL/RI-16 Free and Cued
Recall Task"
-
Low-dose
vitamin K2 (MK-4) supplementation for 12 months improves bone metabolism and
prevents forearm bone loss in postmenopausal Japanese women - J Bone Miner
Metab. 2013 May 24 - "The participants (aged 50-65
years) were randomly assigned to one of two groups according to the MK-4 dose
received: the placebo-control group (n = 24) and the 1.5-mg MK-4 group (n = 24).
The baseline concentrations of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) were high in
both groups (>5.1 ng/ml). After 6 and 12 months, the serum ucOC concentrations
were significantly lower in the MK-4 group than in the control group. In the
control group, there was no significant change in serum pentosidine
concentrations. However, in the MK-4 group, the concentration of pentosidine at
6 and 12 months was significantly lower than that at baseline. The forearm BMD
was significantly lower after 12 months than at 6 months in the control group.
However, there was no significant decrease in BMD in the MK-4 group during the
study period. These results suggest that low-dose MK-4 supplementation for 6-12
months improved bone quality in the postmenopausal Japanese women by decreasing
the serum ucOC and pentosidine concentrations, without any substantial adverse
effects" - See vitamin K at Amazon.com. See the section in this article "MK4
versus MK7 for Bone Health".
-
Comparison
of menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women - Nutr
J. 2012 Nov 12;11(1):93 - "Consecutive administration of
MK-4 (60 mug; 135 nmol) or MK-7 (60 mug; 92 nmol) for 7 days demonstrated that
MK-4 supplementation did not increase serum MK-4 levels. However, consecutive
administration of MK-7 increased serum MK-7 levels significantly in all subjects
... We conclude that MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K
status as measured by serum vitamin K levels. MK-7, however significantly
increases serum MK-7 levels and therefore may be of particular importance for
extrahepatic tissues"
-
Dietary
phylloquinone intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in elderly subjects at high
risk of cardiovascular disease - Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Oct 3 -
"Limited evidence from human and animal studies has
suggested that vitamin K has a potentially beneficial role in glucose metabolism
and insulin resistance ... Cross-sectional associations were tested in 1925 men
and women in the Prevention with the Mediterranean Diet trial ... Dietary intake
was collected during each annual visit by using a food-frequency questionnaire,
and phylloquinone intake was estimated by using the USDA database ... Dietary
phylloquinone at baseline was significantly lower in subjects who developed type
2 diabetes during the study. After adjustment for potential confounders, risk of
incident diabetes was 17% lower for each additional intake of 100 μg
phylloquinone/d. Moreover, subjects who increased their dietary intake of
vitamin K during the follow-up had a 51% reduced risk of incident diabetes
compared with subjects who decreased or did not change the amount of
phylloquinone intake"
-
Vitamin K,
vertebral fractures, vascular calcifications and mortality: Vitamin K Italian
(VIKI) dialysis study - J Bone Miner Res. 2012 Jun 12 -
"Vitamin K1 deficiency was the strongest predictor of vertebral fractures (OR
2.94 95%CI 1.38-6.26). MK4 deficiency was a predictor of aortic calcification
(OR 2.82 95%CI 1.14-7.01), whereas MK5 deficiency actually protected against it
(OR 0.38 95%CI 0.15-0.95). MK7 deficiency was a predictor of iliac calcification
(OR 1.64 95%CI 1.03-2.60). The presence of vertebral fractures was also a
predictor of vascular calcifications (OR 1.76 95%CI 1.00-3.08). Increased
alkaline phosphatase and C reactive protein (CRP), age, cerebrovascular events
were predictors of mortality. Our study suggests that the vitamin K system may
be important for preserving bone mass and avoiding vascular calcification in
hemodialysis patients, pointing out a possible role of vitamin K in bone and
vascular health"
-
Inhibitory
Effect of Vitamin C in Combination With Vitamin K3 on Tumor Growth and
Metastasis of Lewis Lung Carcinoma Xenografted in C57BL/6 Mice - Nutr
Cancer. 2011 Sep 2 - "Vit CK3 restored the body weight
of tumor-bearing mice to the level of tumor-free mice ... These results
demonstrate that vit CK3 inhibits primary tumor growth and exhibits
antimetastastic potential in vivo through attenuated tumor invasion and
proliferation" - See
vitamin C products at Amazon.com
and
vitamin K at Amazon.com.
-
Dietary
phylloquinone and menaquinones intake and risk of type 2 diabetes - Diabetes
Care. 2010 Apr 27 - "phylloquinone intake tended to be
associated (p=0.08) with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with a hazard ratio
of 0.81 (95%-CI: 0.66-0.99) for the highest versus the lowest quartile. For
menaquinones intake, a linear, inverse association (p=0.038) with risk of type 2
diabetes was observed with a hazard ratio of 0.93 (0.87-1.00) for each 10 mug
increment in the multivariate model. Conclusion: This study shows that both
phylloquinone and menaquinones intake may be associated with a reduced risk of
type 2 diabetes"
-
Dietary
vitamin K intake in relation to cancer incidence and mortality: results from the
Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and
Nutrition (EPIC-Heidelberg) - Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Mar 24 -
"Dietary intake of menaquinones was nonsignificantly
inversely associated with overall cancer incidence (HR for the highest compared
with the lowest quartile: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.73, 1.01; P for trend = 0.08), and the
association was stronger for cancer mortality (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.98; P
for trend = 0.03). Cancer risk reduction with increasing intake of menaquinones
was more pronounced in men than in women, mainly driven by significant inverse
associations with prostate (P for trend = 0.03) and lung cancer (P for trend =
0.002). We found no association with phylloquinone intake"
-
Vitamin
K2 Suppresses Proliferation and Motility of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells
by Activating Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor - Endocr J. 2009 Jun 24 -
"These results suggest that the activation of SXR
could contribute to tumor suppressive effects of vitamin K2 on HCC cells"
-
Combination of vitamin K(2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
ameliorates cumulative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma - J
Hepatol. 2009 May 15 - "A 48-month follow-up
revealed that the combination treatment with VK and ACE-I markedly inhibited
the cumulative recurrence of HCC in association with suppression of the
serum level of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); a central
angiogenic factor. The serum level of lectin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein was
also suppressed almost in parallel with VEGF. These beneficial effects were
not observed with single treatment using VK or ACE-I" - See
vitamin K at Amazon.com.
-
High-dose vitamin K supplementation reduces fracture incidence in
postmenopausal women: a review of the literature - Nutr Res. 2009
Apr;29(4):221-8 - "randomized controlled trials
(RCTs) ... The review of the reliable literature confirmed the effect of
vitamin K(1) and vitamin K(2) supplementation on the skeleton of
postmenopausal women mediated by mechanisms other than bone mineral density
and bone turnover"
-
Vitamin
K supplementation and progression of coronary artery calcium in older men
and women - Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Apr 22 - "those
who received phylloquinone supplements had 6% less progression than did
those who received the multivitamin alone ... Phylloquinone supplementation
slows the progression of CAC in healthy older adults with preexisting CAC,
independent of its effect on total MGP concentrations"
-
A
high menaquinone reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease in women
- Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Jan 27 - "A high
intake of menoquinones, especially MK-7, MK-8 and MK-9, could protect
against CHD"
-
Serum
undercarboxylated osteocalcin as biomarker of vitamin k intake and risk of
prostate cancer: a nested case-control study in the heidelberg cohort of the
European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition - Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Jan;18(1):49-56 -
"From cell studies, Vitamin K is known to exert anticancer effects on a
variety of cancer cell lines, including prostate cancer cells. Recently, we
reported an inverse association between dietary intake of menaquinones
(vitamin K(2)), but not phylloquinone (vitamin K(1)), and risk of prostate
cancer ... There was indication of a lower prostate cancer risk in carriers
of the A allele (compared with GG carriers) of the +2255 VKORC1 polymorphism
with increasing menaquinone intake (P(interaction) = 0.14) whereas no
distinct effect modification was observed for the ucOC/iOC ratio
(P(interaction) = 0.37). The increased risks of advanced-stage and
high-grade prostate cancer with higher serum ucOC/iOC ratio strengthen the
findings for dietary menaquinone intake"
-
Phylloquinone intake, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic status in men and
women - Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jul;88(1):210-5 -
"Limited evidence suggests that vitamin K may have a beneficial role in
glucose homeostasis ... Higher phylloquinone intake was associated with
greater insulin sensitivity and glycemic status, as measured by 2-h
post-OGTT insulin and glucose and ISI(0,120), after adjustment for age, sex,
waist circumference, lifestyle characteristics, and diet quality [2-h
post-OGTT insulin: lowest and highest quintile, 81.0 and 72.7 microU/mL,
respectively (P for trend = 0.003); 2-h post-OGTT glucose: 106.3 and 101.9
mg/dL, respectively"
-
An Attempt to Evaluate the Effect of Vitamin K(3) Using as an Enhancer of
Anticancer Agents - Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31(6):1270-1273 -
"These findings suggest that VK(3) induces G(2)/M
arrest by inhibition of cyclin B/cdk1 complex formation, and is thus useful
as an enhancer of G(2) phase-dependent drugs in hepatic cancer chemotherapy"
-
A
12 week, open label, phase I/IIa study using apatone for the treatment of
prostate cancer patients who have failed standard therapy - Int J Med
Sci. 2008 Mar 24;5(2):62-7 - "oral Apatone (Vitamin
C and Vitamin K3) administration in the treatment of prostate cancer ...
5,000 mg of VC and 50 mg of VK3 each day ... At the conclusion of the 12
week treatment period, PSAV decreased and PSADT increased in 13 of 17
patients (p < or = 0.05). There were no dose-limiting adverse effects. Of
the 15 patients who continued on Apatone after 12 weeks, only 1 death
occurred after 14 months of treatment"
-
Vitamin K(2) suppresses malignancy of HuH7 hepatoma cells via inhibition of
connexin 43 - Cancer Lett. 2008 Jan 29 - "The
anti-cancer potential of vitamin K(2) (VK(2)) in hepatoma has gained
considerable attention"
-
Vitamin K and Vitamin D Status: Associations with Inflammatory Markers in
the Framingham Offspring Study - Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Nov 15 -
"Vitamin K status, measured by plasma phylloquinone
concentration and phylloquinone intake, was inversely associated with
circulating inflammatory markers as a group and with several individual
inflammatory biomarkers" - See
vitamin K at Amazon.com.
-
Vitamin K(2) supplementation improves hip bone geometry and bone strength
indices in postmenopausal women - Osteoporos Int. 2007 Feb 8 -
"Vitamin K(2) helps maintaining bone strength at the
site of the femoral neck in postmenopausal women by improving BMC and FNW,
whereas it has little effect on DXA-BMD"
-
Vitamin K and the Prevention of Fractures: Systematic Review and
Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials - Arch Intern Med. 2006
Jun 26;166(12):1256-61 - "This systematic review
suggests that supplementation with phytonadione and menaquinone-4 reduces
bone loss. In the case of the latter, there is a strong effect on incident
fractures among Japanese patients"
-
Two-year randomized controlled trial of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and
vitamin D3 plus calcium on the bone health of older women - J Bone Miner
Res. 2007 Apr;22(4):509-19 - "women who took
combined vitamin K and vitamin D plus calcium showed a significant and
sustained increase in both BMD and BMC at the site of the ultradistal
radius"
-
Vitamin K treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Indonesia - J
Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2006 Apr;32(2):230-4 - "After
48 weeks of treatment, the mean percentage change of lumbar BMD in the
vitamin K(2) group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the
control group"
-
Vitamin K, bone turnover, and bone mass in girls - Am J Clin Nutr. 2004
Oct;80(4):1075-80 -
"Better vitamin K status was associated with
decreased bone turnover in healthy girls consuming a typical US diet"
-
Bone health. New role for vitamin K? - Can Fam Physician. 2004
Jul;50:993-7 -
"Evidence suggests that dietary phylloquinone intake
of <100 microg daily might not be optimal for bone health. Low intake of
vitamin K could contribute to osteoporosis and subsequent fracture ...
Family physicians need to be aware of the importance of encouraging adequate
vitamin K intake, particularly among institutionalized elderly people, to
prevent increased bone resorption"
-
Role of Vitamin K2 in the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Women
With Viral Cirrhosis of the Liver - JAMA. 2004 Jul 21;292(3):358-61 -
"Hepatocellular carcinoma was detected in 2 of the
21 women given vitamin K2 and 9 of the 19 women in the control group ... the
risk ratio for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients given
vitamin K2 was 0.13" - See
vitamin K at Amazon.com.
-
Vitamin K intake and bone mineral density in women and men - Am. J. of
Clin. Nutr., 2/03 -
"Low dietary
vitamin K intake was associated with low BMD in
women ... In contrast, there was no association between dietary vitamin K
intake and BMD in men"
-
Vitamin K supplementation in cystic fibrosis - Arch Dis Child. 2003
Nov;88(11):974-5 -
"a increased vitamin K intake may have significant
health benefits for children with CF"
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