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Liver Disease

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• liver cancer / cirrhosis / hepatitis

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• Statins Appear to Guard Against Liver Disease Progression - Medscape, 5/12/23 - "234 (6.1%) statin users developed severe liver disease vs 276 (7.1%) non-users, with incidence rates of 10.5 vs 18.1 per 1000 person-years, respectively ... Statin use was associated with a statistically significant 40% lower rate of severe liver disease (hazard ratio [HR], 0.60 ... Statin use was also associated with lower rates of progression to cirrhosis (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.49 - 0.78), HCC (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.27 - 0.71), and liver-related death or liver transplant (HR, 0.55"
• Quercetin Alleviates Acrylamide-Induced Liver Injury by Inhibiting Autophagy-Dependent Ferroptosis - J Agric Food Chem 2023 May 3 - "Acrylamide (ACR) generated in carbohydrate-rich foods during thermal processing has been demonstrated to exhibit hepatotoxicity. As one of the most consumed flavonoids with diet, quercetin (QCT) possesses the ability to protect against ACR-induced toxicity, albeit its mechanism is unclear. Herein, we discovered that QCT alleviated ACR-induced elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), AST, and ALT in mice. RNA-seq analysis revealed that QCT reversed the ferroptosis signaling pathway upregulated by ACR. Subsequently, experiments indicated that QCT inhibited ACR-induced ferroptosis through the reduction of oxidative stress. With autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, we further confirmed that QCT suppressed ACR-induced ferroptosis by inhibiting oxidative stress-driven autophagy. Additionally, QCT specifically reacted with autophagic cargo receptor NCOA4, blocked the degradation of iron storage protein FTH1, and eventually downregulated the intracellular iron levels and the consequent ferroptosis. Collectively, our results presented a unique approach to alleviate ACR-induced liver injury by targeting ferroptosis with QCT" - See quercetin at Amazon.com.
• Whey Protein Concentrate Ameliorates the Methotrexate-Induced Liver and Kidney Damage - Br J Nutr 2023 Mar 23 - "Methotrexate (MTX) is a cytotoxic immunosuppressant that is widely used in the treatment of tumours, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis ... Liver and kidney damage can be prevented by using whey proteins as a nutraceutical in MTX therapy.In conclusion, whey proteins demonstrated a protective effect against MTX-induced liver and kidney damage" - See whey protein at Amazon.com.
• Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin in rats with hyperlipidaemia - Food Funct 2023 Mar 14 - "The results showed that statins combined with GBE could significantly improve the blood lipid parameters, reduce the liver fat content, and reduce the size of adipocytes in abdominal fat. The effect was superior to statin therapy alone. In addition, the combination has shown additional liver protection against possible pathological liver injury or statin-induced liver injury. A lipidomic study showed that GBE could regulate the abnormal lipid metabolism of the liver in hyperlipemia. When statins are combined with GBE, this callback effect introduced by GBE on endogenous metabolism has important implications for resistance to disease progression and statin resistance. Finally, in the presence of GBE, there was a significant increase in plasma statin exposure. These results all confirmed that GBE has incremental benefits as a dietary supplement of statin therapy for dyslipidaemia" - See Ginkgo biloba at Amazon.com.
• Caffeine can alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by augmenting LDLR expression via targeting EGFR - Food Funct 2023 Mar 14 - "Increasing low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) protein levels represents a key strategy for the prevention and treatment. Berberine can reportedly alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by increasing the LDLR expression in an ERK1/2 signaling-dependent manner of NAFLD. Studies have shown that caffeine can inhibit fat deposition in the livers of mice; however, caffeine has not been reported to alleviate NAFLD by augmenting the LDLR expression via targeting EGFR ... we found that caffeine could also activate EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling and promote the LDLR expression in ApoE KO mice. In summary, caffeine can enhance the LDLR expression by directly binding to EGFR and activating the EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. EGFR signaling may represent a novel target for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD." - See berberine at Amazon.com.
• The impact of food restriction on liver enzyme levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Nutr Rev 2023 Mar 1 - "Existing evidence suggests that dietary restriction improves adult liver enzyme levels"
• Aged Garlic Extract Prevents Alcohol-Induced Cytotoxicity through Induction of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 in the Liver of Mice - Mol Nutr Food Res 2023 Mar 1 - "Acetaldehyde is a highly toxic primary metabolite of ethanol, and converted to non-toxic acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Accumulation of acetaldehyde causes significant damage to our body. Aged garlic extract (AGE) is a functional food material and possesses various health beneficial effects ... AGE prevented acetaldehyde-induced hepatotoxicity through enhancing acetaldehyde detoxification through Nrf2-dependent induction of mitochondrial ALDH2" - See aged garlic at Amazon.com.
• Low 25 (OH) vitamin D levels are associated with increased prevalence of NAFLD and significant liver fibrosis - Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2023 Feb 23 - "An inverse relationship was found between 25(OH)D and NAFLD and fibrosis, suggesting a possible role of vitamin D on NAFLD occurrence and progression" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• Intermittent Fasting Plus Exercise a Good Option for Fatty Liver - Medscape, 2/21/23 - "Our findings also indicate that the combination intervention was effective for reducing body weight, fat mass, waist circumference, [the liver enzyme alanine transaminase (ALT)], fasting insulin, [and] insulin resistance, and increasing insulin sensitivity, among patients with obesity and NAFLD, versus controls ... When we compared the results of our study groups, we saw clearly that the most improved patients were in the group that followed the alternate-day fasting diet and exercised 5 days a week"
• Efficacy of curcumin plus piperine co-supplementation in moderate-to-high hepatic steatosis: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial - Phytother Res 2023 Feb 17 - "Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a global health problem that can progress to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of curcumin + piperine on cardiometabolic risk factors, as well as hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in NAFLD patients with moderate-to-high hepatic steatosis ... Curcumin + piperine decreased waist circumference (p = 0.026), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.001), total cholesterol (p = 0.004), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p = 0.006), FBG (p = 0.002), alanine transaminase (p = 0.007) and aspartate transaminase (p = 0.012) compared with placebo. However, fibroscan measurement did not differ between curcumin + piperine and placebo groups (p > 0.05). Fibroscan measurement as a marker of NAFLD improvement did not differ after 12 weeks of curcumin + piperine; however, curcumin + piperine may be considered as an adjunct therapy to improve anthropometric measures, blood pressure, lipid profile, blood glucose, and liver function in NAFLD patients" - See curcumin at Amazon.com and piperine extract at Amazon.com.
• Baicalin ameliorates high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-mediated regulation of SREBP1/Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathways - Phytother Res 2023 Feb 8 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver disease around the world, imposing severe threats on human health. Unfortunately, no clinically approved drugs are available for use as yet. Baicalin (BA) is reported to have hepatoprotective effects, and it is not clear whether BA can treat NAFLD and how ... Taken together, our study reveals the protective roles of BA against HFD-caused NAFLD through AMPK-mediated modulation of SREBP1/Nrf2/NF-κB pathways, suggesting that BA has potential drug development implications" - See baicalin at Amazon.com.
• Diet Supplementation of Luteolin Before Fatty Liver Formation Improves Hepatic Steatosis in Obese Mice by Inhibiting Visceral Adipose Tissue Lipolysis - Mol Nutr Food Res 2023 Feb 9 - "Serotonin (5-HT)-induced visceral adipocyte lipolysis is essential for the development of obesity-related complications. Diet supplementation of luteolin prevents high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice against obesity and associated fatty liver. However, independent of the body weight loss, whether dietary luteolin can substantially reduce hepatic steatosis remains unclear ... Diet supplementation of luteolin before the formation of fatty liver protects HFD-fed mice against ectopic lipid deposition in liver by inhibiting visceral adipocyte lipolysis" - See luteolin products at Amazon.com.
• Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates the NASH phenotype by regulating the miR-375-3p/ATG2B/PTEN-AKT axis to mediate autophagy and pyroptosis - Lipids Health Dis 2023 Feb 10 - "Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most frequent liver diseases at present, and there is no radical treatment ... This study showed that Rg1 participates in autophagy and pyroptosis through the miR-375-3p/ATG2B/PTEN-AKT pathway, thereby alleviating the occurrence and development of NASH, for that reason revealing Rg1 as a candidate drug for NASH" - See ginseng at Amazon.com.
• Administration of spermidine attenuates concanavalin A-induced liver injury - Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023 Jan 23 - "A previous study revealed that treatment with the anticoagulant heparin attenuated concanavalin A (ConA)-induced liver injury. The administration of spermidine (SPD) increased urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) levels in the serum. uPA is clinically used for the treatment of some thrombotic diseases such as cerebral infarction. Therefore, SPD may attenuate ConA-induced liver injury that is exacerbated by blood coagulation ... These results indicated that SPD treatment increased anticoagulant ability by increasing of uPA and attenuated ConA-induced liver injury" - See spermidine at Amazon.com.
• Kaempferol prevents acetaminophen-induced liver injury by suppressing hepatocyte ferroptosis via Nrf2 pathway activation - Food Funct 2023 Jan 26 - "Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (AILI) has become a growing public health problem. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death associated with lipid peroxide accumulation, has been recently implicated in AILI. The activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway is a potential therapy for AILI. Kaempferol (KA), a flavonoid widely existing in edible plants, has been reported to exert profound anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities ... KA reversed the APAP-induced decrease in cell viability and GSH levels and inhibited the accumulation of intracellular ROS. Furthermore, KA activated the Nrf2 pathway and upregulated Gpx4 in mouse livers and L02 cells to inhibit ferroptosis induced by APAP. Finally, molecular docking indicated the potential interaction of KA with Keap1. Taken together, KA ameliorated oxidative stress and ferroptosis-mediated AILI by activating Nrf2 signaling" - See Kaempferia parviflora at Amazon.com.
• Effects of Different Vegetable Oils on the Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in C57/BL Mice - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2023 Jan 14 - "the commercial vegetable oils either contributed to the prevention or reduction of induced nonalcoholic fatty liver with high fat and fructose diet, especially canola oil"
• Monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched olive oil exacerbates chronic alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and liver injury in C57BL/6J mice - Food Funct 2023 Jan 19 - "Dietary oil composition determines the pathological processes of alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD). Oil rich in saturated fatty acids protects, whereas oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids aggravates the alcohol-induced liver injury. However, limited studies have been conducted to address how monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) enriched oil controls the pathological development of AFLD. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of MUFA-enriched extra virgin olive oil (OO) on AFLD ... In conclusion, MUFA-enriched OO exacerbated liver dysfunction in vivo. OO should be cautiously considered as a unique dietary oil source for individuals with AFLD"
• Ginsenoside AD-2 Ameliorating Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Activation in HSC-T6 Cells and Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice via Regulation of VD-VDR Axis - J Agric Food Chem 2023 Jan 16 - "Ginsenoside 25-hydroxy protopanaxadiol (AD-2) isolated from ginseng was proved to have anti-hepatic fibrosis (HF) effect in our previous study. But the mechanism is unknown. The present study investigated the anti-HF effects and mechanisms of AD-2 on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation in HSC-T6 cells and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis (HF) in mice. Results showed that AD-2 significantly inhibited the LPS-induced activated HSC-T6 cells in vitro and markedly reduced the serum transaminase and hydroxyproline levels, pathological changes, and hepatic body ratio in CCl4-induced HF mice, indicating AD-2 ameliorated liver injury and reversed HF notably. Moreover, AD-2 decreased the expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and MMP2, and maintained TIMP1/MMP9 in balance with the level of vitamin D (VD) and the expression of VD nuclear receptor (VDR) and Sirt3 increased. In conclusion, the anti-HF mechanism of AD-2 is related to the inhibition of HSC activation, promotion of collagen degradation, and regulation of the VD/VDR axis" - See ginseng at Amazon.com.
• Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Propensity-Score Matched Cohort Study - Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022 Nov 25 - "fatty liver index (FLI) ... SGLT2i showed a significant reduction in FLI and its components. We suggest that SGLT2i may have beneficial effects in reducing the prevalence of NAFLD in type 2 diabetes" - See empagliflozin inhousepharmacy.vu.
• Liver autophagy-induced valine and leucine in plasma reflect the metabolic effect of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin - EBioMedicine 2022 Nov 21 - "Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are anti-diabetic drugs for type 2 diabetes that lower blood glucose levels and body weight. It is of special interest that SGLT2 inhibitors also improve liver metabolism and fatty liver. Liver is an important organ in regulation of energy metabolism, but the metabolic action of SGLT inhibitors in liver remains unclear ... Clinical study found that valine and leucine levels were markedly higher in patients treated with dapagliflozin (valine: P < 0·05 vs. control, leucine: P < 0·01 vs. control) than those not treated after one week intervention ... Dapagliflozin improves liver metabolism via hepatic autophagy, and plasma valine and leucine levels may reflect its metabolic effect" - See dapagliflozin at reliablerxpharmacy.com.
• Curcumol alleviates liver fibrosis through inducing autophagy and ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells - FASEB J 2022 Dec - "To explore the effect of curcumol on autophagy and ferroptosis of hepatic stellate cells, and to clarify the molecular mechanism of its anti-hepatic fibrosis. In the present study, we report that curcumol promotes the death of activated HSCs and reduces the deposition of extracellular matrix. Interestingly, curcumol treatment can trigger ferroptosis to eliminate activated HSCs characterized by iron overload, lipid ROS accumulation, glutathione depletion, and lipid peroxidation. Curcumol promotes HSC autophagy, which may be the key mechanism for its induction of ferroptosis. It is worth noting that the upregulation of nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) may play a key molecular mechanism. NCOA4 mediates the release of iron ions and induces the occurrence of ferroptosis. Overall, curcumol promotes autophagy in hepatic stellate cells, mediates the degradation of NCOA4 and FTH1 complexes, releases iron ions, leads to iron overload, and induces ferroptosis, which may be an important mechanism for its anti-hepatic fibrosis effect" - See curcumin at Amazon.com.
• Nicotinamide riboside ameliorates high-fructose-induced lipid metabolism disorder in mice via improving FGF21 resistance in the liver and white adipose tissue - Food Funct 2022 Nov 14 - "Fructose has been reported to acutely elevate the circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels, which ultimately causes FGF21 resistance. FGF21 resistance is suggested to result in lipid metabolism disorder. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) can alleviate lipid metabolism disorder in mice. It is unknown whether NR supplementation would alleviate lipid metabolism disorder in high-fructose exposed mice via improving FGF21 resistance ... In conclusion, we found that NR supplementation could ameliorate high-fructose-induced lipid metabolism disorder by improving FGF21 resistance in the liver and WAT, which may be related to the regulation of inflammation mediated by the SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway" - See nicotinamide riboside at Amazon.com.
• Therapeutic Effect of Curcumin on 5/6Nx Hypertriglyceridemia: Association with the Improvement of Renal Mitochondrial β-Oxidation and Lipid Metabolism in Kidney and Liver - Antioxidants (Basel) 2022 Nov 6 - "Chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence is constantly increasing, and dyslipidemia in this disease is characteristic, favoring cardiovascular events. However, the mechanisms of CKD dyslipidemia are not fully understood. The use of curcumin (CUR) in CKD models such as 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) has shown multiple beneficial effects, so it has been proposed to correct dyslipidemia without side effects ... Our results showed that CUR reversed the increase in liver and kidney damage and hypertriglyceridemia induced by 5/6Nx. CUR also reversed mitochondrial membrane depolarization and β-oxidation disorders in the kidney and the increased lipid uptake and the high levels of proteins involved in fatty acid synthesis in the liver and kidney. CUR also decreased lipogenesis and increased mitochondrial biogenesis markers in the liver. Therefore, we concluded that the therapeutic effect of curcumin on 5/6Nx hypertriglyceridemia is associated with the restoration of renal mitochondrial ß-oxidation and the reduction in lipid synthesis and uptake in the kidneys and liver" - See curcumin at Amazon.com.
• Structural Insights into Amelioration Effects of Quercetin and Its Glycoside Derivatives on NAFLD in Mice by Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Host Metabolism - J Agric Food Chem 2022 Nov 9 - "The sugar moieties of natural flavonoids determine their absorption, bioavailability, and bioactivity in humans. To explore structure-dependent bioactivities of quercetin, isoquercetin, and rutin, which have the same basic skeleton linking different sugar moieties, we systemically investigated the ameliorative effects of dietary these flavonoids on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) of mice. Our results revealed that isoquercetin exhibits the strongest capability in improving NAFLD phenotypes of mice, including body and liver weight gain, glucose intolerance, and systemic inflammation in comparison with quercetin and rutin. At the molecular level, dietary isoquercetin markedly ameliorated liver dysfunction and host metabolic disorders in mice with NAFLD. At the microbial level, the three flavonoids compounds, especially isoquercetin, can effectively regulate the gut microbiota composition, such as genera Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus, which were significantly disrupted in NAFLD mice. These comparative findings offer new insights into the structure-dependent activities of natural flavonoids for NAFLD treatment" - See quercetin at Amazon.com and rutin at Amazon.com.
• Lycopene Alleviates Chronic Stress-Induced Liver Injury by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway Apoptosis in Rats - J Agric Food Chem 2022 Nov 1 - "LYC protects against CRS-induced liver injury by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway, scavenging ROS, and further attenuating ERS-associated apoptosis pathways" - See lycopene at Amazon.com.
• Fisetin Attenuates Arsenic-Induced Hepatic Damage by Improving Biochemical, Inflammatory, Apoptotic, and Histological Profile: In Vivo and In Silico Approach - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022 Oct 20 - "In vivo and in silico outcomes of the current study demonstrated that fisetin could potentially ameliorate As-instigated hepatotoxicity" - See fisetin at Amazon.com.
• Ginsenoside Rc Modulates SIRT6-NRF2 Interaction to Alleviate Alcoholic Liver Disease - J Agric Food Chem 2022 Oct 27 - "Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a serious worldwide health problem. Ginsenoside Rc is a major active ingredient isolated from Panax ginseng, whose pharmacological effects counteract oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid accumulation ... Our results showed that ginsenoside Rc attenuated alcohol-induced liver injury by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid accumulation both in vivo and in vitro. Ginsenoside Rc did increase the deacetylase activity of SIRT6, thereby lowering acetylated NRF2 levels, which elevated NRF2's stability, and subsequently exerting an antioxidant effect. In keeping with this, the hepatic knockout of SIRT6 almost abolished the hepatoprotective effects of ginsenoside Rc against ALD. Therefore, our results suggest that ginsenoside Rc attenuated hepatocytes' damage and oxidative stress in ALD by up-regulating the SIRT6/NRF2 pathway. Hence, ginsenoside Rc may be a promising drug to treat or relieve ALD" - See Panax ginseng at Amazon.com.
• Effects of L-Citrulline Supplementation on Endothelial Function and Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women - Nutrients 2022 Oct 20 - "Aging and menopause are associated with decreased nitric oxide bioavailability due to reduced L-arginine (L-ARG) levels contributing to endothelial dysfunction (ED). ED precedes arterial stiffness and hypertension development, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study investigated the effects of L-citrulline (L-CIT) on endothelial function, aortic stiffness, and resting brachial and aortic blood pressures (BP) in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Twenty-five postmenopausal women were randomized to 4 weeks of L-CIT (10 g) or placebo (PL). Serum L-ARG, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), aortic stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, cfPWV), and resting brachial and aortic BP were assessed at 0 and 4 weeks. L-CIT supplementation increased L-ARG levels (Δ13 ± 2 vs. Δ-2 ± 2 µmol/L, p &lt; 0.01) and FMD (Δ1.4 ± 2.0% vs. Δ-0.5 ± 1.7%, p = 0.03) compared to PL. Resting aortic diastolic BP (Δ-2 ± 4 vs. Δ2 ± 5 mmHg, p = 0.01) and mean arterial pressure (Δ-2 ± 4 vs. Δ2 ± 6 mmHg, p = 0.04) were significantly decreased after 4 weeks of L-CIT compared to PL. Although not statistically significant (p = 0.07), cfPWV decreased after L-CIT supplementation by ~0.66 m/s. These findings suggest that L-CIT supplementation improves endothelial function and aortic BP via increased L-ARG availability" - See L-citrulline at Amazon.com.
• Elevated serum phosphatidylcholine (16:1/22:6) levels promoted by fish oil and vitamin D3 are highly correlated with biomarkers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese subjects - Food Funct 2022 Oct 24 - "The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the changes of serum lipid metabolites and the risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) after fish oil (FO) or fish oil plus vitamin D (FO + D) intervention in Chinese NAFLD subjects. Seventy-four NAFLD subjects, aged 55.2 ± 15.9 years, were randomized to consume FO + D (n = 23), FO (n = 27) or corn oil (CO, n = 24) capsules for a 3-month intervention ... The differential metabolites were screened and identified with variable importance in projection (VIP) scores based on orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis models. Serum phosphatidylcholine (PC) (16:1/22:6) levels had the highest and second highest VIP scores following FO + D and FO interventions, respectively. Serum PC (16:1/22:6) levels were negatively correlated with circulating alanine transaminase (ALT) (r = -0.268, p = 0.021), triacylglycerol (TAG) (r = -0.236, p = 0.042), interleukin (IL)-1β (r = -0.401, p < 0.001) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (r = -0.322, p = 0.005) concentrations, and were positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (r = 0.272, p = 0.019) concentrations. The present study was the first to report that serum PC (16:1/22:6) levels were highly correlated with ALT, TAG, HDL-C, IL-1β and TNF-α concentrations, indicating that PC (16:1/22:6) might ameliorate lipid metabolism and inflammation in NAFLD subjects" - See omega-3 supplements at Amazon.com and vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• The effect of grape products on liver enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Phytother Res 2022 Oct 20 - "Pooling data from 11 trials showed that grape products intake significantly reduced ALP (p = .010), without any significant changes in ALT (p = .234) and AST (p = .300). In subgroup analysis, we found a significant reduction in ALP, ALT, and AST when the duration of intervention was ≥12 weeks, and when grape seed extract (GSE) was administered. The variable duration and dosage of intervention was one of the sources of bias in our meta-analysis. Additionally, participants involved in included studies had different physiological status and various age groups. Grape products administration may significantly improve ALT, AST, and ALP in adults in long-term interventions and/or when GSE is administered. It should be noted that the favorable effects of grape consumption were small and may not reach clinical importance." - See grape seed extract at Amazon.com.
• Grape seed extract supplementation modulates hepatic lipid metabolism in rats. Implication of PPARβ/δ - Food Funct 2022 Oct 19 - "In mammals, the liver is involved in nutrient metabolism and in the regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis. Multiple studies have described improvements in liver disorders after regular consumption of grape seed extract (GSE). GSE prevents or ameliorates hepatic metabolic dysfunction through AMPK activation, which reduces hepatic lipogenesis while enhancing hepatic lipid oxidation ... Our data suggest that PPARβ/δ activation is involved in the metabolic reprogramming effects of chronic GSE consumption in young rats, by modulating, at least, part of the transcriptional programs that maintain hepatic and systemic fuel homeostasis" - See grape seed extract at Amazon.com.
• Salvia hispanica L. (chia) seed improves liver inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome - Food Funct 2022 Oct 12 - "This study showed new aspects of liver inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in dyslipidemic insulin resistant rats chronically fed with a sucrose-rich diet. In addition, we demonstrated new properties and molecular mechanisms associated with beneficial effects on inflammation and endothelial dysfunction of chia seed as a therapeutic strategy" - See chia seeds at Amazon.com.
• Association of Statin Adherence With the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Nested Case-Control Study Using a Japanese Claims Database - Ann Pharmacother 2022 Sep 27 - "Good adherence was significantly associated with a reduced risk of NAFLD development (adjusted OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.78-0.86). Higher intensity was not significantly associated with a reduced risk of NAFLD development (adjusted OR, 1.02 ... Good adherence to statins is associated with a reduced risk of NAFLD development, regardless of the statin intensity. Appropriate statin therapy could reduce the risk of NAFLD development"
• Melatonin Prevents against Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury by Mitigating Ferroptosis via Targeting Brain and Muscle ARNT-like 1 in Mice Liver and HepG2 Cells - J Agric Food Chem 2022 Sep 27 - "The circadian clock acts a pivotal part in human daily physiology and metabolism. Excess alcohol consumption disturbs the circadian rhythm of several metabolism-related genes of the liver. Melatonin is a member of the foremost hormones secreted by the pineal gland with numerous pharmacological properties in quite a number of diseases ... Altogether, this study revealed that melatonin could alleviate ethanol-induced liver injury by impeding ferroptosis via reprogramming the circadian protein BMAL1 and subsequently activating the Nrf2-ARE anti-ferroptosis pathway. The emergence of novel liver protective effects and mechanism of melatonin on ethanol-induced ferroptosis may provide a new dimension for prevention or intervention against liver injury associated with ethanol" - See melatonin at Amazon.com.
• Nobiletin mitigates NAFLD via lipophagy and inflammation - Food Funct 2022 Sep 16 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), an increasingly serious health issue around the world, is characterized as a lipid metabolic disorder without any satisfactory treatment. Nobiletin (NOB), a citrus flavonoid, is considered a promising candidate for NAFLD prevention although there is limited research towards its exact mechanism ... Our research not only illustrated NOB as a potential candidate for NAFLD prevention, but also provided new insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD development" - See nobiletin at Amazon.com.
• Association between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations and mortality among individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a prospective cohort study - Am J Clin Nutr 2022 Sep 15 - "Compared with participants with serum 25(OH)D concentrations ≤30.0 nmol/L, the multivariable-adjusted HR and 95% CI of all-cause mortality were 0.62 (0.43, 0.89) for participants with MAFLD having serum 25(OH)D >75.0 nmol/L (P-trend = 0.001), and 0.63 (0.42, 0.95) for participants with NAFLD having serum 25(OH)D >75.0 nmol/L (P-trend = 0.002). A nonlinearly inverse association was observed between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and all-cause mortality among participants with MAFLD (Poverall <0.001; Pnonlinear = 0.003) or NAFLD (Poverall <0.001; Pnonlinear = 0.009), with a threshold effect at around 50.0 nmol/L. The inverse association was stronger among participants with MAFLD aged <60 years (P-interaction = 0.001) ... This study suggested a nonlinearly inverse association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and all-cause mortality among patients with MAFLD/NAFLD, with a threshold effect at around 50.0 nmol/L of serum 25(OH)D" - See Vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• Inverse Association between Serum Selenium Level and Severity of Liver Fibrosis: A Cross-Sectional Study - Nutrients 2022 Sep 2 - "Selenium has been well recognized for its important role in human health. Prior studies showed that low serum selenium was associated with various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, infertility, and cognitive decline. Recent studies demonstrated an association between selenium deficiency and liver cirrhosis ... There was a significant linear decrease in liver stiffness measurement (LSM) values in male groups with increased serum selenium levels. The beta coefficient (β) = -1.045 in male groups. A significantly negative association was also observed in the group of age ≥ 60. In addition, those in the highest quartile of serum selenium had lower LSM values (β = -0.416). This is the first study using LSM to demonstrate the correlation between selenium deficiency and severity of liver cirrhosis. Our findings suggest that a high plasma selenium concentration is negatively correlated with the severity of liver cirrhosis and there are gender and age differences" - See se-methyl l-selenocysteine at Amazon.com.
• The effect of taurine supplementation on delirium post liver transplantation: A randomized controlled trial - Clin Nutr 2022 Aug 7 - "Delirium is a prevalent complication of liver transplantation (LT). It may enhance the risk of morbidity and mortality. Taurine is considered to have antioxidant and neuroprotective activities ... Delirium rate within the first month was 23.08% and was significantly lower in taurine group (9.46%) compared with placebo (35.36%, P = 0.012). Length of ITU stay was significantly higher among delirious patients (P = 0.015) in this analysis ... Conclusion: we reached to the result that taurine can prevent post-LT delirium, dramatically" - See taurine at Amazon.com.
• Statins' efficacy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Clin Nutr 2022 Aug 8 - "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely related with the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Currently there is no approved medication for NAFLD. Although it has been suggested that statins can be safely used by patients with elevated liver enzymes, their effect on NAFLD has not been clearly defined ... Statins effectively decrease liver enzymes and beneficially affect liver histology in NAFLD patients" - See red yeast rice at Amazon.com.
• Effect of Hesperidin Supplementation on Liver Metabolomics and Gut Microbiota in a High-Fat Diet-Induced NAFLD Mice Model - J Agric Food Chem 2022 Sep 1 - "After 16 weeks of intervention, the mice in the HFD+HES group showed a lower final body weight and liver weight and improved serum lipid profiles when compared with the HFD group. Alleviation of liver dysfunction induced by HFD was observed in HES-fed mice, and the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism was also altered. Moreover, HES changed the composition of the intestinal microbiota and enriched specific genera such as Bacteroidota. Liver metabolomics analysis indicated that HES enhanced the abundance of metabolites in arginine-related as well as mitochondrial oxidation-related pathways, and these metabolites were predicted to be positively correlated with the gut genera enriched by HES. Together, these results indicate that HFD-fed mice supplemented with HES showed a markedly regulated hepatic metabolism concurrent with shifts in specific gut bacteria" - See hesperidin at Amazon.com.
• SGLT2 Inhibitors Lower NAFLD, HCC Risks Over DPP4i - Medscape, 9/1/22 - "After 239941.9 person-years of follow-up, the incidence of HCC was lower among SGLT2I users (IR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2 – 0.4) than among DPP4i users (IR,1.3; 95% CI,1.1 – 1.5) ... Among SGLT2i users, the risk of cancer-related mortality was lower (IR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.9 – 1.3) than among DPP4i users (IR, 6.6; 95% CI, 6.1 – 7.1), as was the risk of all-cause mortality (IR, 5.0; 95% CI, 4.6 – 5.4) in comparison with DPP4i users (IR, 24.4; 95% CI, 23.6 – 25.4) ... In multivariable models, the risk of NAFLD was lower among SGLT2i (hazard ratio [HR], 0.39; 95% CI, 0.34 – 0.46), HCC (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.29 – 0.72), cancer-related mortality (HR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.23 – 0.37) and all-cause mortality (HR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.25 – 0.31) after adjustments" - See empagliflozin inhousepharmacy.vu.
• Association between serum ferritin level and the various stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review - Front Med (Lausanne) 2022 Aug 3 - "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disorder across the world, and non-invasive evaluation approaches are in need to assess NAFLD disease progression. Serum ferritin has been proposed as one of the biomarkers for NAFLD diagnosis in previous studies ... Most studies identified serum ferritin to be a predictor of advanced NAFLD, while several revealed the opposite end"
• Astaxanthin Alleviates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating the Intestinal Flora and Targeting the AMPK/Nrf2 Signal Axis - J Agric Food Chem 2022 Aug 16 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is among the most prevalent chronic liver diseases around the globe. The accumulation of lipids in the liver and oxidative stress are important pathological mechanisms of NAFLD. Astaxanthin (AT) is a carotenoid extracted from shrimps and crabs with beneficial biological activities, including anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities ... The in vitro study showed that AT considerably lowered the protein expression level of fatty acid synthetase (FAS), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), and acetyl-COA carboxylase (ACC) and increased the protein expression of nuclear factor-E2 associated factor 2 (Nrf2) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 cells. Additionally, mechanistic studies revealed that compound C (AMPK inhibitor, CC) inhibited the regulatory effect of AT on the SREBP-1c and Nrf2 signaling pathways. In conclusion, AT can inhibit the SREBP-1c, FAS, and ACC signaling pathways, activate the AMPK and Nrf2 signaling pathways, and improve the structure of intestinal flora" - See astaxanthin at Amazon.com.
• Effect of Chlorogenic Acid via Upregulating Resolvin D1 Inhibiting the NF-κB Pathway on Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Liver Inflammation - J Agric Food Chem 2022 Aug 17 - "Chronic stress can cause chronic inflammatory injury to the liver. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is known to have a wide range of biological activities and anti-inflammatory effects ... These results suggest that the protective effects of CGA mediate the NF-κB pathway by upregulating the generation of RvD1. Above all, this research demonstrates the liver protective effect of CGA and provides a potential treatment strategy for chronic inflammatory disease" - See chlorogenic acid at Amazon.com.
• B Vitamins Show Promise Against Advanced Fatty Liver Disease - Medscape, 8/11/22 - "In the preclinical models, supplementing the diet with vitamin B12 and folic acid increases hepatic Stx17 levels, restores its role in autophagy, and slows NASH progression and reverses liver inflammation and fibrosis ... The potential for using vitamin B12 and folate, which have high safety profiles and are designated as dietary supplements by the US Food and Drug Administration, as first-line therapies for the prevention and treatment of NASH could result in tremendous cost savings and reduce the health burden from NASH in both developed and developing countries ... Currently, the only treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease is to receive a transplant" - See vitamin B12 and folic acid combinations at Amazon.com.
• The construction of preclinical evidence for the treatment of liver fibrosis with quercetin: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Phytother Res 2022 Aug 2 - "Quercetin (3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone), a flavonoid, is widely found in fruits and vegetables and exerts broad-spectrum pharmacological effects in the liver. Many studies have explored the bioactivity of quercetin in the treatment of liver fibrosis ... The results from the analysis showed that the corresponding liver function indexes, such as the levels of HA and LN, were significantly improved in the quercetin group compared with the model group, and liver function, such as the levels of AST and ALT, were also improved in the quercetin group. The species- and model-based subgroup analyses of AST and ALT revealed that quercetin exerts a significant effect. The therapeutic mechanism of quercetin was shown to be related to multiple pathways involving anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and lipid accumulation, including regulation of the TGF-β, α-SMA, ROS, and P-AMPK pathways. The results showed that quercetin exerts an obvious effect on liver fibrosis, and more prominent improvement effects on liver function and liver fibrosis indicators were obtained with a dose of 5-200 mg during a treatment course ranging from 4 to 8 weeks. Quercetin might be a promising therapeutic for liver fibrosis" - See quercetin at Amazon.com.
• Hepatoprotective effects of different mulberry leaf extracts against acute liver injury in rats by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory response - Food Funct 2022 Jul 27 - "This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of various mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extracts (MLEs), including mulberry ethanol extract (MEE), aqueous extract (MAE) and a combination extract (MCE) against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injury in rats ... These results indicated that the active components from mulberry leaves protected rats against acute liver injury, attributed to a reduction in both oxidative stress and inflammatory response. The protective effect may be implicated in regulating the Nrf2, NLRP3 and MAPK signaling pathways" - See mulberry leaf extract at Amazon.com.
• Effects of Amino Acids Supplementation on Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in HepG2 Cells - Nutrients 2022 Jul 25 - "Taken together, the effect of SAMe on glucose and lipid metabolism is significant especially on inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis under the metabolic syndrome environment" - See SAM-e at Amazon.com.
• Evaluation of the efficacy of oral nano-silymarin formulation in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial - Phytother Res 2022 Jul 20 - "the alanine aminotransferase level decreased significantly in the treatment group, compared to the placebo group" - See silymarin at Amazon.com.
• Mulberry Leaf Flavonoids Inhibit Liver Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes Rats by Regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF- κ B Signaling Pathway - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022 Jul 6 - "The incidence of liver-related complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rapidly increasing, which affects the physical and mental health of T2DM patients. Mulberry leaf flavonoids (MLF) were confirmed to have certain effects on lowering blood glucose and anti-inflammation ... Our results indicated that MLF could reduce blood glucose and inhibit the development of liver inflammation" - See mulberry leaf extract at Amazon.com.
• Wheat germ improves hepatic steatosis, hepatic enzymes, and metabolic and inflammatory parameters in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial - Phytother Res 2022 Jul 17 - "Globally, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a rising prevalence with no definitive pharmacological treatments. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical effects of wheat germ in patients with NAFLD. Fifty participants with NAFLD were randomly allocated to take 40 g wheat germ (n = 25) or placebo (n = 25) in a randomized double-blind clinical trial over 12 weeks ... After 12 weeks of intervention, reduction in serum alanine aminotransferase (p = 0.006) and γ-glutamyltransferase (p = 0.004), total cholesterol (p = 0.018), triglyceride (p = 0.046), and hepatic steatosis (p = 0.043) levels in the wheat germ group was significantly higher compared to the placebo group. Serum TAC levels in wheat germ group patients increased significantly higher than placebo group (p = 0.001). Reduction in serum hs-CRP level in the wheat germ group was significantly higher than in the placebo group (p = 0.031). In conclusion, our study shows that wheat germ consumption may improve total antioxidant capacity, hepatic steatosis, serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) in NAFLD patients" - See wheat germ at Amazon.com.
• Combination of resveratrol and luteolin ameliorates α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestasis by regulating the bile acid homeostasis and suppressing oxidative stress - Food Funct 2022 Jul 4 - "Cholestasis is a common liver injury without any effective therapeutic drugs so far. Resveratrol (RES) and luteolin (LUT) are natural polyphenols that exert protective effects on multiple liver injuries. Coadministration of RES and LUT could significantly improve the bioavailability of LUT and increase the systemic exposure to RES, and the combined treatment could also benefit from their multi-component and multi-target characteristics ... Dysregulated bile acid (BA) homeostasis is a significant pathological feature of cholestasis, which was determined to explore the potential biomarkers and to clarify the protection mechanism of coadministration of RES and LUT ... This study suggested that the coadministration of RES and LUT could protect against ANIT-induced cholestasis and the mechanism was closely related to regulating BA homeostasis and suppressing oxidative stress" - See resveratrol products at Amazon.com and luteolin products at Amazon.com.
• Bifidobacterium longum BL-10 with Antioxidant Capacity Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice by the Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway - J Agric Food Chem 2022 Jul 7 - "Bifidobacterium longum is frequently utilized and has broad prospects for preventing liver injury ... lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injury ... Overall, all the results demonstrated that B. longum BL-10 had excellent efficiency in preventing LPS-induced ALI" - See probiotic supplements at Amazon.com.
• Procyanidins from hawthorn ( Crataegus pinnatifida) alleviate lipid metabolism disorder via inhibiting insulin resistance and oxidative stress, normalizing the gut microbiota structure and intestinal barrier, and further suppressing hepatic inflammation and lipid accumulation - Food Funct 2022 Jul 4 - "Recently, lipid metabolism disorder (LMD) has been regarded as a risk factor leading to multiple diseases and affecting human health. Procyanidins have been reported to be a potential therapy for LMD. This study explored the effect and possible mechanism of procyanidins from hawthorn (HPC) in LMD rats fed a high-fat diet. HPC supplementation for 8 weeks significantly relieved lipid accumulation in the serum and liver, and protected the structure of liver in LMD rats. The amelioration of insulin resistance, lipid metabolism related hormones and oxidative stress was also found. Moreover, HPC also regulated the structure of gut microbiota, especially increased the abundances of Akkermansia, Bacteroides and Adlercreutzia, and decreased Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Lachnospiraceae and Subdoligranulum. Additionally, HPC enriched genes were involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis, MAPK, and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathways. We found a high LPS level due to the microbiome disorder induced by the high-fat diet, and then western blot results showed that HPC maintained the intestinal barrier and mitigated inflammation and lipid accumulation in the liver via regulating the NF-κB and AMPK pathways, which were related to LMD. This study provided new insights into dietary intervention based on HPC to alleviate LMD via stabilizing the gut-liver axis" - See hawthorn betty extract at Amazon.com.
• Effects of licorice root supplementation on liver enzymes, hepatic steatosis, metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized double-blind clinical trial - Phytother Res 2022 Jul 3 - "This study aimed to evaluate the effects of licorice root supplementation on liver enzymes, hepatic steatosis, metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 60 women with NAFLD were selected and randomly assigned into 2 groups to take 1,000 mg/day powder of licorice root extract or placebo for 12 weeks. In addition, all the patients were advised to follow a weight loss diet and healthy lifestyle ... Through the 12-weeks period of supplementation, women who received powder of licorice root experienced a statistically significant improvement in alanine aminotransferase (p < .001), insulin (p = .002), insulin resistance (p = .003), malondialdehyde (p < .001) serum levels, and ultrasonographic findings of liver steatosis (p < .001), compared to the placebo group. In conclusion, licorice root supplementation in addition to gradual weight loss and lifestyle modification is superior to lifestyle modification alone for the treatment of NAFLD" - See licorice supplements at Amazon.com.
• Mangiferin prevents hepatocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition in liver fibrosis via targeting HSP27-mediated JAK2/STAT3 and TGF-β1/Smad pathway - Phytother Res 2022 Jul 2 - "The suppression of HSP27 expression by MAN may be a novel strategy for attenuating the hepatocyte EMT in liver fibrosis" - See mangiferin at Amazon.com.
• Thyroid stimulating hormone levels are associated with genetically predicted nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022 Jun 28 - "Multivariable logistic regression model suggested a "dose-response" relationship between TSH (Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.52; Ptrend = 0.001) and NAFLD. BMI and ALT partially mediated the association between TSH and NAFLD, while the proportion of the mediation effects of BMI and ALT were 39.1% and 22.3%, respectively. In MR analyses, the inverse-variance weighted method was selected as primary method and suggested a putative causal effect of NAFLD on serum TSH levels"
• Omega-3 fatty acids and metabolic partitioning of fatty acids within the liver in the context of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2022 Jul 1 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most prevalent form of liver disease globally, affecting about 25% of the world's adult population. It is more common in those living with obesity, where it may affect as many as 80% of individuals ... triacylglycerols (TAGs) ... Increased intake of EPA and DHA may reduce the likelihood of hepatic TAG accumulation and could be used to reduce liver fat in patients with NAFLD" - See omega-3 supplements at Amazon.com.
• Low-Carb, High-Fat Diet Improves A1c, Reduces Liver Fat: Study - Medscape, 6/27/22 - "A low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet reduced the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and despite no calorie restriction, participants with both NAFLD and type 2 diabetes lost 5.8% of their body weight ... Basically, if you have fat in your liver, you will benefit from eating fat ... Those on the LCHF diet consumed an average of 61% energy from fat, 13% from carbohydrates, and 23% from protein, compared with the low-fat diet, which comprised an average of 29% energy from fat, 46% from carbohydrates, and 21% from protein ... It's a lot of fat and corresponds to a quarter of a liter of olive oil per day ... The LCHF diet was primarily comprised of unsaturated fats — for example, avocado, oil, nuts, and seeds — but also included saturated fats, such as cheese, cream, and high-fat dairy products ... We found that the LCHF diet improved diabetes control, it reduced the fat in the liver, and, even though they're eating as many calories as they were used to until they were full, they lost 5.8% of body weight"
• Allicin attenuated hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice by regulating PPARγ-IRAK-M-TLR4 signal pathway - Food Funct 2022 Jun 22 - "Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to the liver is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following liver surgery, trauma, and hemorrhagic shock. It was reported that allicin, a type of garlic compound, had a protective effect against other hepatic diseases ... Conclusion: Allicin protects against hepatic I/R injury via dose-dependent regulation of the PPARγ-IRAK-M-TLR4 signaling pathway, and it may be a potential drug in future clinical treatment" - See garlic supplements at Amazon.com.
• Astragalus mongholicus polysaccharides ameliorate hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation as well as modulate gut microbiota in NAFLD rats - Food Funct 2022 Jun 21 - "Hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation and gut microbiota dysbiosis are hallmarks of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is the leading cause of chronic liver disease with no therapeutic consensus ... Astragalus mongholicus polysaccharides (mAPS) ... mAPS and Berberine treatment markedly reduced HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation ... mAPS supplementation ameliorates hepatic inflammation and lipid accumulation in NAFLD by modulating the gut microbiota and SCFA-GPR signaling pathways. The present study provides new evidence for mAPS as a natural active substance in the treatment of NAFLD" - See Astragalus at Amazon.com.
• Long noncoding RNA-EN_181 potentially contributes to the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice - Br J Nutr 2022 Jun 17 - "N-acetylcysteine (NAC) possesses a strong capability to ameliorate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic-fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown ... Overall, lncRNA-EN_181 might be a potential target in NAC-ameliorated NAFLD. This finding enhanced our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial role of NAC." - See n-acetyl cysteine at Amazon.com.
• Combination of resveratrol and luteolin ameliorates α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestasis by regulating the bile acid homeostasis and suppressing oxidative stress - Food Funct 2022 Jun 14 - "Cholestasis is a common liver injury without any effective therapeutic drugs so far. Resveratrol (RES) and luteolin (LUT) are natural polyphenols that exert protective effects on multiple liver injurieshis study suggested that the coadministration of RES and LUT could protect against ANIT-induced cholestasis and the mechanism was closely related to regulating BA homeostasis and suppressing oxidative stress" - See resveratrol products at Amazon.com and luteolin products at Amazon.com.
• Protective Effect of Silymarin and Gallic Acid against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity - Int J Clin Pract 2022 Apr 16 - "it was observed that gallic acid silymarin had a protective effect on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic effects" - See silymarin at Amazon.com.
• 11β-HSD1 Inhibitor Alleviates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Activating the AMPK/SIRT1 Signaling Pathway - Nutrients 2022 Jun 6 - "We investigated the effect of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor (H8) on hepatic steatosis and its mechanism of action. Although H8, a curcumin derivative, has been shown to alleviate insulin resistance, its effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unknown ... Our findings demonstrate that H8 alleviates hepatic steatosis, by inhibiting 11β-HSD1, which activates the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway" - See curcumin at Amazon.com.
• New Mechanisms of Bromelain in Alleviating Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Induced Deregulation of Blood Coagulation - Nutrients 2022 Jun 1 - "Bromelain, an enzyme extracted from the stems of pineapples, exerts anticoagulant effects; however, the regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood ... these findings suggest that bromelain exerts anticoagulant effects on NAFLD-induced deregulation of coagulation by inhibiting the activation of the coagulation cascade, decreasing the stability of clots, and promoting fibrinolytic activity. The present study provides new insights into the potential therapeutic value of bromelain for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis-related diseases" - See bromelain at Amazon.com.
• Relationship between the consumption of wholegrain and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The TCLSIH cohort study - Clin Nutr 2022 May 18 - "After adjusting for several potential confounders and setting "almost never" as the control group, the multivariable hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of the NAFLD were 0.82 (0.73, 0.92) when they consuming ≤1 time/week, 0.78 (0.69, 0.88) when they consuming 2-6 time/week and 0.77 (0.66, 0.90) when they consuming ≥1 time/day (p for trend" -  See brown rice pasta at Amazon.com.
• Spermidine Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis through Thyroid Hormone-Responsive Protein Signaling and the Gut Microbiota-Mediated Metabolism of Bile Acids - J Agric Food Chem 2022 May 18 - "Spermidine, a natural polyamine and physiological autophagy inducer, is involved in various physiological processe ... We found that daily spermidine intake was significantly lower in volunteers with liver dysfunction than the healthy controls, and the serum and fecal spermidine levels were negatively correlated with the NASH phenotypes. Spermidine supplementation significantly attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis in NASH mice induced by a western diet. The ameliorating effect of spermidine on lipid accumulation might be partly regulated by thyroid hormone-responsive protein (THRSP) signaling and autophagy. Moreover, spermidine altered the profile of hepatic bile acids (BAs) and microbial composition and function. Furthermore, spermidine reversed the progression of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice with preexisting NASH. Therefore, spermidine ameliorates NASH partly through the THRSP signaling and the gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of BAs, suggesting that spermidine might be a viable therapy for NASH" - See spermidine at Amazon.com.
• Forever Chemicals' Linked to Liver Damage - Medscape, 5/4/22 - ""Meta-analyses of human studies found that higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly associated with exposure to three of the older chemicals — PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA"
• Combination of Vitamin C and Curcumin Safeguards Against Methotrexate-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice by Synergistic Antioxidant Effects - Front Med (Lausanne) 2022 Apr 14 - "Methotrexate (MTX), an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive drug, widely used in the treatment of different types of cancers and the management of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, its use is associated with hepatotoxicity. Vitamin C (VC) and curcumin (CUR) exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects ... Pretreatment with VC, CUR or their combination reduces the MTX-induced hepatotoxicity by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the combined effect of VC and CUR provided a synergistic hepatoprotective effect that surpasses pretreatment with CUR alone but seems to be similar to that of VC 200 mg/kg/day. Therefore, VC and CUR combination or a large dose of VC could be effective against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity" - See vitamin C products at Amazon.com and curcumin at Amazon.com.
• Apigenin alleviated PA-induced pyroptosis by activating autophagy in hepatocytes - Food Funct 2022 Apr 28 - "Apigenin is a kind of natural flavonoid that abundantly exists in fruits and vegetables. Pyroptosis is a new, pro-inflammatory type of programmed necrosis cell death, and the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is the key molecule to induce pyroptosis. Excessive hepatic pyroptosis results in liver injury ... On the one hand, apigenin eliminated damaged mitochondria by activating autophagy, thereby clearing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and on the other hand, activation of autophagy could directly degrade the NLRP3 inflammasome. Our study provides a new idea and target for the use of functional factors in food to alleviate liver injury" - See apigenin at Amzon.com.
• Hydrochloride Berberine ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury by regulating inflammation and lipid metabolism - Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022 Apr 7 - "Berberine hydrochloride (BBR) is efficacious in relieving alcoholic liver injury (ALI) in animal models, but its underlying mechanisms remains largely unclear ... The results indicated that BBR alleviated alcoholism-induced hepatic injury by suppressing inflammation (IL-10, TNF-α, LPS, ET and IL-6), and regulating fatty acids uptake (CD36), lipid synthesis (THRSP, FASN, AMPK-α, ACC, ACLY) and lipid oxidation (PPARα, CPT1α, ACOX1), and THRSP may be its novel target" - See berberine at Amazon.com.
• Pterostilbene and Its Derivative 3'-Hydroxypterostilbene Ameliorated Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Through Synergistic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota and SIRT1/AMPK Signaling Pathway - J Agric Food Chem 2022 Apr 13 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a recent chronic liver disease common in many developed countries and is closely associated with metabolic syndrome, such as obesity and insulin resistance. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of pterostilbene (Pt) and its derivative 3'-hydroxypterostilbene (OHPt) on free fatty acids (FFA)-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD in C57BL/6J mice. The results showed that Pt and OHPt significantly ameliorated FFA-induced steatosis in HepG2 cells and enhanced lipolysis through the upregulation of SIRT1/AMPK and insulin signaling pathway ... These robust results indicate that Pt and OHPt are able to possess potential health benefits in improving insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis by promoting healthy populations or abundances of considered vital microbiota. Besides, OHPt is more effective than Pt, which might have promising chemotherapeutic effects for future clinical application" - See pterostilbene at Amazon.com.
• Lipid metabolism disorders and lipid mediator changes of mice in response to long-term exposure to high-fat and high sucrose diets and ameliorative effects of mulberry leaves - Food Funct 2022 Mar 31 - "Mulberry leaves exhibit anti-lipogenic and lipid-lowering effects. However, the lipid biomarkers and underlying mechanisms for the improvement of the action of mulberry leaves on obesity and lipid metabolism disorders have not been sufficiently investigated yet ... mulberry leaf water extract (MLWE) ... Our results showed that MLWE supplementation not only decreased body weight gain, serum total triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels, but also increased the serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition, MLWE supplementation also ameliorated hepatic steatosis and lipid accumulation" - See mulberry leaf extract at Amazon.com.
• Ginsenoside Rk1 regulates glutamine metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma through inhibition of the ERK/c-Myc pathway - Food Funct 2022 Mar 22 - "Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ... ginsenoside Rk1 could be a promising candidate for the clinical treatment of HCC" - See ginseng at Amazon.com.
• The role of microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) - Eur J Clin Invest 2022 Mar 16 - "NAFLD is the most frequent liver disease worldwide. Gut microbiota can play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD since dysbiosis is associated with reduced bacterial diversity, altered Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, a relative abundance of alcohol-producing bacteria, or other specific genera. Changes can promote disrupted intestinal barrier and hyperpermeability, filtration of bacterial products, activation of the immune system, and pro-inflammatory changes in the intestine, in the liver, and at a systemic level. Microbiota-derived molecules can contribute to the steatogenic effects. The link between gut dysbiosis and NAFLD, however, is confused by several factors which include age, BMI, comorbidities, dietary components, and lifestyle. The role of toxic chemicals in food and water requires further studies in both gut dysbiosis and NAFLD. We can anticipate that gut microbiota manipulation will represent a potential therapeutic tool to delay or reverse the progression of NAFLD, paving the way to primary prevention measures" - See probiotic supplements at Amazon.com.
• Krill oil prevents lipopolysaccharide-evoked acute liver injury in mice through inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation - Food Funct 2022 Mar 11 - "Acute liver injury is a life-threatening syndrome that often results from the actions of viruses, drugs and toxins. Herein, the protective effect and potential mechanism of krill oil (KO), a novel natural product rich in long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids bound to phospholipids and astaxanthin, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-evoked acute liver injury in mice were investigated ... KO or fish oil (FO) ... KO pretreatment significantly ameliorated LPS-evoked hepatic dysfunction indicated by reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and attenuated hepatic histopathological damage. KO pretreatment also mitigated LPS-induced hepatic oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, elevated glutathione (GSH) levels, and elevated catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Additionally, LPS-evoked overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators in serum and the liver was inhibited by KO pretreatment. Furthermore, KO pretreatment suppressed LPS-induced activation of the hepatic toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway. Interestingly, the hepatoprotective effect of KO was superior to that of FO. Collectively, the current findings suggest that KO protects against LPS-evoked acute liver injury via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation" - See krill oil products at Amazon.com.
• Efficacy of Off-Label Therapy for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Improving Non-invasive and Invasive Biomarkers: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials - Front Med (Lausanne) 2022 Feb 25 - "To evaluate the effects of vitamin E, pioglitazone, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ... The outcome measures included changes in non-invasive tests [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score, liver fat content (LFC), and keratin-18 (K-18)] and invasive tests ... δ-Tocotrienol was superior to placebo in decreasing the GGT level. Semaglutide, ipragliflozin, and pioglitazone induced a significantly higher decrease in the ALT level than a placebo. Semaglutide, pioglitazone, and dapagliflozin were superior to placebo in decreasing the AST level. Tofogliflozin and pioglitazone induced a significantly higher decrease in the K-18 level than a placebo. Liraglutide was superior to placebo in decreasing CAP. Liraglutide, pioglitazone, and vitamin E induced a significantly higher increase in resolution of NASH than a placebo. As for pairwise comparisons, semaglutide and pioglitazone were superior to liraglutide in decreasing the ALT level. Semaglutide induced a significantly higher decrease in the ALT level than dulaglutide. Semaglutide was obviously superior to empagliflozin, liraglutide, dulaglutide, and tofogliflozin in decreasing the AST level. Pioglitazone induced a significantly higher decrease in the GGT level than ipragliflozin. δ-Tocotrienol was superior to liraglutide in decreasing the GGT level. Tofogliflozin and pioglitazone induced a significantly higher decrease in the K-18 level than dulaglutide. Pioglitazone was superior to vitamin E in increasing the resolution of NASH. Furthermore, liraglutide treatment had the highest SUCRA ranking in decreasing CAP and ELF scores and increasing the resolution of NASH. Pioglitazone treatment had the highest SUCRA ranking in decreasing LFC and fibrosis scores. Tofogliflozin treatment had the highest SUCRA ranking in decreasing K-18, while dapagliflozin treatment had the highest SUCRA ranking in decreasing the GGT level. Semaglutide treatment had the highest SUCRA ranking in decreasing the levels of ALT and AST" See delta tocotrienol at Amazon.com.
• Curcumin alleviates hepatic steatosis by improving mitochondrial function in postnatal overfed rats and fatty L02 cells through the SIRT3 pathway - Food Funct 2022 Feb 21 - "It was concluded that postnatal overfeeding damaged mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant response, and increased hepatic lipids and the severity of high-fat-induced NAFLD, while CUR alleviated hepatic steatosis, at least partially, by enhancing mitochondrial function through SIRT3" - See curcumin at Amazon.com.
• High Fructose Intake May Trigger Fatty Liver Disease - Medscape, 3/7/22 - "A high intake of fructose may increase the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, in which too much fat is stored in liver cells ... Researchers found that consuming a high-fructose diet for long periods can lead to a deterioration of the layer of cells that creates the intestinal barrier that prevents bacteria and toxins from leaking into the bloodstream and affecting the liver ... Fatty liver disease can lead to liver inflammation and liver damage, resulting in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, a more aggressive disease that in turn can progress to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver cancer, and liver failure ... Severe fatty liver disease and liver tumors from the gut barrier deterioration created by excessive fructose intake can be prevented with medications"
• N-Acetylcysteine alleviates high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and liver injury via regulating the intestinal microecology in mice - Food Funct 2022 Mar 1 - "N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-accepted antioxidant, has been shown to protect against high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of the beneficial role of NAC is still not fully understood ... These results suggested that the homeostasis of the gut microbiota plays an important role in NAC-improved NAFLD by affecting the enterohepatic axis" - See n-acetyl cysteine at Amazon.com.
• Inulin activates FXR-FGF15 signaling and further increases bile acids excretion in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mice - Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022 Feb 10 - "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disorder defined as the presence of intrahepatic lipid deposition and steatosis as well as chronic inflammation without excessive alcohol consumption. Our previous studies found that inulin could dramatically improve lipid metabolism disorders in NAFLD murine models ... we found that inulin treatment significantly reversed the abnormal accumulation of bile acids in high-fat-induced NAFLD mice. Furthermore, our data confirmed that inulin supplementation attenuates NAFLD via restoring the activity of FXR accompanied by increasing hepatic bile acids de novo synthesis and further enhancing bile acids excretion in mice" - See inulin at Amazon.com.
• Dapagliflozin for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022 Feb 21 - "Compared with the control conditions, dapagliflozin led to a greater decrease in alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, triglyceride, body weight, body mass index, HbA1c, and fasting plasma glucose ... Dapagliflozin can markedly reduce hepatic enzymes and metabolic indicators and improve body composition, indicating its potential therapeutic efficacy" - See dapagliflozin at reliablerxpharmacy.com.
• Hesperidin suppresses ERS-induced inflammation in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - Aging (Albany NY) 2022 Feb 10 - "HSP significantly decreased the weight gain, hepatic steatosis but not serum lipid profile and suppressed the serum levels of inflammatory factors in HFD-fed rats. It was revealed by bioinformatics analysis that the inflammatory response and IRE1α activation were enriched signaling pathways in NAFLD. The expression of ERS-related biomarkers, GRP94, ATF6, ATF4, p-PERK and p- IRE1α, was significantly suppressed by HSP in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the inflammatory markers, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, were also decreased by HSP in vivo and in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining exposed that the expression of GRP94 and p-PERK was decreased by HSP in vitro" - See hesperidin at Amazon.com.
• Probiotics counteract hepatic steatosis caused by ketogenic diet and upregulate AMPK signaling in a model of infantile epilepsy - EBioMedicine 2022 Feb 8 - "Our results suggest that early intervention with probiotics could be considered as an approach to reduce the risk of hepatic side effects of the KD in children who are on the diet for medically indicated reasons" - See probiotic supplements at Amazon.com.
• Elevated coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of elevated liver fibrosis biomarkers in patients treated for chronic hepatitis B (ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort) - Clin Nutr 2022 Jan 24 - "Patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) are at high risk of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver cancer, despite recent therapeutic advances. It is therefore crucial to find non-pharmaceutical options for liver fibrosis prevention in this population ... Elevated coffee consumption was consistently associated with a lower risk of significant liver fibrosis, as assessed by three non-invasive markers in treated chronic HBV patients. This result can be immediately used in real-world situations, as increasing coffee consumption may be beneficial for patients at risk of advanced liver disease"
• Curcumin alleviates hepatic steatosis by improving mitochondrial function in postnatal overfed rats and fatty L02 cells through the SIRT3 pathway - Food Funct 2022 Feb 3 - "Postnatal overfeeding could increase the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adulthood. This study investigated the effects of curcumin (CUR) on hepatic steatosis in postnatal overfed rats and elucidated potential mechanisms in mitochondrial function ... (normal litter, NL) or three (small litter, SL) ... normal diet (NL) or a high-fat diet (NH) ... At week 13, compared with NL rats, SL and NH rats showed increased body weight, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation, and these changes were more obvious in SH rats. The opposite trends were observed in SL-CUR and SH-CUR rats. Moreover, CUR could preserve mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant response in postnatal overfed rats, and upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of SIRT3. In vitro, L02 cells were exposed to free fatty acids and/or CUR. CUR decreased the levels of cellular lipids and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and increased the mitochondrial DNA copy number and superoxide dismutase activity in fatty L02 cells. However, these effects were blocked after SIRT3 silencing. It was concluded that postnatal overfeeding damaged mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant response, and increased hepatic lipids and the severity of high-fat-induced NAFLD, while CUR alleviated hepatic steatosis, at least partially, by enhancing mitochondrial function through SIRT3" - See curcumin at Amazon.com.
• Protective Effects of Quercetin on Clothianidin-Induced Liver Damage in the Rat Model - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022 Jan 18 - "Clothianidin (CTD) is a member of the neonicotinoid group of insecticides ... Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) ... A significant increase in ALT and AST enzyme activity was observed in the CTD group in comparison with that of the control groups. In the clothianidin + quercetin (10 mg/kg) group, the ALT and AST enzyme levels decreased compared to the clothianidin control group significantly ... Quercetin significantly raised the level of TAC in the liver tissue of the clothianidin + quercetin (10 mg/kg) treated group compared to that of the clothianidin control group ... Nitrate-nitrite level in the liver was decreased in clothianidin + quercetin (10 mg/kg) compared to that of the clothianidin control group significantly" - See quercetin at Amazon.com.
• The effect of sesame, canola, and sesame-canola oils on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight adults: a three-way randomized triple-blind crossover clinical trial - Phytother Res 2022 Jan 23 - "77 overweight adults were randomized to replace their regularly consumed oils with canola (CO), sesame (SO), and sesame-canola oils (SCO, 40% SO, and 60% CO) in three 9-week phases ... SO significantly reduced serum alkaline aminotransferase (ALT) compared to CO (p ≤ 0.05) in all participants, increased serum urea compared to SCO in males, and decreased serum alkaline phosphatase compared to other oils in males, and improved serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) compared to SCO, and eGFR compared with CO in females (p ≤ 0.05). Canola oil significantly improved serum Apo A1 and APO B/A ratio compared with SO, in males (p ≤ 0.05). Sesame-canola oil significantly reduced serum urea compared to other oils in all participants (p ≤ 0.05). Sesame oil and SCO might beneficially affect serum ALT and urea, respectively. Intervention oils might have different cardiometabolic effects in each gender" - See sesame seed oil at Amazon.com.
• Vitexin attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) lipid accumulation in high fat-diet fed mice by activating autophagy and reducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in liver - Biol Pharm Bull 2022 Jan 15 - "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become prevalent worldwide, but sufficient pharmaceutical treatments for this condition are lacking. Previous literature suggests that vitexin offers beneficial effects in the treatment of NAFLD, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood ... Treatment consisted of four weeks of daily administration of vitexin at a dose of 6 mg/kg of body weight. This treatment markedly improved hepatic architecture, attenuated lipid accumulation, and regulated lipid abnormalities. In addition, the treatment reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, restored mitochondrial biological proteins, and increased autophagy. Furthermore, the treatment increased PPAR-r protein, which was inhibited by HFD. Thus, it was speculated that vitexin degraded lipids in HFD-induced NAFLD mice liver by inducing autophagy and restoring both ER and mitochondrial biological proteins" - See vitexin at Amazon.com.
  • Vitexin - Wiki - "Vitexin is an apigenin flavone glucoside, a chemical compound found in the passion flower, Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree or chasteberry), in the Phyllostachys nigra bamboo leaves,[1] in the pearl millet (Pennisetum millet),[2] and in Hawthorn"
• A Specifically Tailored Multistrain Probiotic and Micronutrient Mixture Affects Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Related Markers in Patients with Obesity after Mini Gastric Bypass Surgery - J Nutr 2021 Nov 22 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequent among patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Beyond weight reduction, dietary supplements like micronutrients or probiotics that modify insulin resistance and lipotoxicity can be used to prevent or delay the progression of liver disease ... Patients received a combination of specifically tailored multistrain probiotic powder and a specific micronutrient mixture (Pro+SM) or a control treatment consisting of a placebo and a basic care micronutrient mixture (Con+BM), with some micronutrients in lower doses than SM, for 12 wk after hospital discharge ... Compared with Con+BM, Pro+SM improved serum ASAT (difference: -8.0 U/L, 95% CI: -17.0, -4.0; P = 0.043), NAFLD fibrosis score (difference: -0.39; 95% CI: -0.78, 0; P = 0.048), serum triglycerides (difference: -22.8 mg/dL; 95% CI: -45.6, -0.1; P = 0.049) and the visceral adiposity index (difference: -0.70" - See probiotic supplements at Amazon.com.
• Lactoferrin Alleviates Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury by Improving Redox-Stress Response Capacity in Female C57BL/6J Mice - J Agric Food Chem 2021 Dec 15 - "Lactoferrin (Lf) can attenuate alcoholic liver injury (ALI) in male mice; however, the effects of Lf on acute ALI in female mice are still unknown ... low-dose Lf (LLf) and high-dose Lf (HLf) groups ... HLf could prevent acute ALI in female mice" - See lactoferrin at Amazon.com.
• Quercetin Reduces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis by Inhibiting HMGB1 and Its Translocation, Thereby Alleviating Liver Injury in ACLF Rats - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021 Oct 25 - "Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome of acute liver failure that occurs on the basis of chronic liver disease, which is characterized by a rapid deterioration in a short period and high mortality. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) may be involved in the pathological process of ACLF; its specific role remains to be further elucidated ... Que alleviates liver injury in ACLF rats, and its mechanism may be related to oxidative stress and apoptosis caused by HMGB1 and its translocation" - See quercetin at Amazon.com.
• Atorvastatin protects against liver and vascular damage in a model of diet induced steatohepatitis by resetting FXR and GPBAR1 signaling - FASEB J 2022 Jan;36(1):e22060 - "Atorvastatin increased the percentage of 7α-dehydroxylase expressing bacteria in the intestine promoting the formation of deoxycholic acid and litocholic acid, two GPBAR1 agonists, along with the expression of GPBAR1-regulated genes in the white adipose tissue and colon. In conclusion, present results highlight the central role of bile acids in regulating lipid and cholesterol metabolism in response to atorvastatin and provide explanations for limited efficacy of FXR agonists in the treatment of NAFLD"
• Protective effect of quercetin against the metabolic dysfunction of glucose and lipids and its associated learning and memory impairments in NAFLD rats - Lipids Health Dis 2021 Nov 17 - "Quercetin (QUE) is a flavonol reported with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and previous results from the group of this study have demonstrated its neuroprotective effect against lipopolysaccharide-induced neuropsychiatric injuries. However, little is known about its potential effect on neuropsychiatric injuries induced or accompanied by metabolic dysfunction of glucose and lipids ... Compared with the control rats, HFD-induced NAFLD model rats presented significant metabolic dysfunction, hepatocyte steatosis, and impaired learning and memory ability, as indicated by the increased plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG), the impaired glucose tolerance, the accumulated fat droplets and balloon-like changes in the liver, and the increased escaping latency but decreased duration in the target quadrant in the Morris water maze. All these changes were reversed in QUE-treated rats. Moreover, apart from improving the morphological injuries in the hippocampus, treatment with QUE could increase the decreased plasma concentration and hippocampal protein expression of TREM1 in NAFLD rats and increase the decreased expression of Syn-1 and Syt-1 in the hippocampus" - See quercetin at Amazon.com.
• Does the FT3-to-FT4 ratio easily predict the progression of NAFLD and NASH cirrhosis? - J Int Med Res 2021 Nov - "In patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD, the FT3-to-FT4 ratio was significantly lower than in the healthy group"
• Ginsenoside Re Improves Inflammation and Fibrosis in Hepatic Tissue by Upregulating PPAR γ Expression and Inhibiting Oxidative Stress in db/db Mice - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021 Oct 8 - "Ginsenoside Re (Re) is the main component of "Zhenyuan Capsule" (ZYC), which was wildly used in clinic in China for adjunctive treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) and type II diabetes (T2DM). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most important complications of T2DM, as well as an important risk factor of CHD ... some evidence suggested that hepatic injury in db/db mice was attenuated by Re administering. Collagen deposition and aminotransferase elevation were significantly downregulated in the DB + Re group compared to those in the DB Group. The mechanisms of the protect effects of Re represented in db/db mice with NAFLD might be inhibiting oxidative stress and the reupregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (pparγ) expression. The results of this study indicated that ZYC might be able to help T2DM patients with NAFLD to control the progress of NAFLD as an alternation of thiazolidinediones, synthetic agonists of PPARγ, whose side effects and adverse events should not be ignored" - See Ginsenoside Re at Amazon.com.
• Ginsenoside Rg1 Alleviates Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice via Activating ER α-Regulating YAP Expression - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021 Sep 29;2021 - "Ginsenoside Rg1 exerts an estrogenic effect by activating ERα, upregulating the expression of YAP, reducing liver oxidative stress injury, and inhibiting mitochondrial injury to protect the liver from ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice" - See ginseng at Amazon.com and iHerb.
• Intake of Nuts and Seeds Is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in US Adults: Findings from 2005-2018 NHANES - J Nutr 2021 Sep 15 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease globally. Nuts and seeds, due to their unique nutrient composition, may provide health benefits for the prevention of NAFLD ... Daily consumption for nuts and seeds was associated with a lower prevalence of NAFLD in non-Mediterranean, US adults, although the benefits seem to be greater in females across all categories of nut and seed consumption groups compared with nonconsumers. Both males and females presented with lower prevalence of NAFLD with intakes of 15-30 g/d"
• Dairy protein intake is inversely related to development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - Clin Nutr 2021 Aug 25 - "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and is closely related to metabolic dysfunction, including insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Dairy protein, rich in casein and whey protein, could help to reduce metabolic diseases ... We found that higher dairy protein intake was significantly and inversely associated with the risk of incident NAFLD in men and women aged ≥50 years. Consumption of milk and other dairy products could help prevent the development of NAFLD"
• The effects of co-administration of artichoke leaf extract supplementation with metformin and vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized clinical trial - Phytother Res 2021 Sep 17 - "Medicinal plants are widely used as a complementary therapy to treat complex diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, this study was done to investigate the effect of co-administration of artichoke leaf extract supplement (ALES) with conventional medicines on patients with NAFLD ... In summary, the results of the present study showed that the concomitant use of ALES with metformin and vitamin E can have beneficial effects on amelioration of complications in patients with NAFLD" - See artichoke extract at Amazon.com, vitamin E at Amazon.com and iHerb and metformin at ReliableRX.
• Metformin ameliorates maternal high-fat diet-induced maternal dysbiosis and fetal liver apoptosis - Lipids Health Dis 2021 Sep 8 - "The deleterious effect of maternal high-fat diet (HFD) on the fetal rat liver may cause later development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ... This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of prenatal metformin on maternal liver steatosis, focusing on the gut-liver axis. In addition, the present study indicates that prenatal metformin could ameliorate maternal HFD-induced inflammation and apoptosis in the fetal liver and intestines" - See metformin at ReliableRX.
• The effect of pomegranate extract on anthropometric indices, serum lipids, glycemic indicators, and blood pressure in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized double-blind clinical trial - Phytother Res 2021 Sep 8 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. The beneficial effects of pomegranate have been shown on insulin resistance and obesity, which are linked to NAFLD pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of pomegranate extract in patients with NAFLD. Forty-four NAFLD patients were randomly assigned to receive two pomegranate extract tablets or placebo for 12 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, serum lipids, glycemic indicators, and blood pressure were assessed at baseline and the end of the study. Pomegranate was associated with a reduction in the total cholesterol (p ˂ .001), triglyceride (p ˂ .001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (p ˂ .003), fasting blood sugar (p ˂ .001), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (p = .02), diastolic blood pressure (p = .04), weight (p ˂ .001), body mass index (p ˂ .001), and waist circumference (p = .002), as compared to placebo. A significant increase was observed in serum HDL-C (p ˂ .001) after intervention with the pomegranate extract. However, no significant difference was shown between the two groups in serum insulin and LDL-C" - See pomegranate extract at Amazon.com and iHerb.
• The Effect of Probiotics (MCP® BCMC® Strains) on Hepatic Steatosis, Small Intestinal Mucosal Immune Function, and Intestinal Barrier in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - Nutrients 2021, 13(9) - "Treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) currently consists of lifestyle modifications such as a low-fat diet, weight loss, and exercise. The gut microbiota forms part of the gut–liver axis and serves as a potential target for NAFLD treatment ... This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD patients (n = 39) who were supplemented with either a probiotics sachet (MCP® BCMC® strains) or a placebo for a total of 6 months. Multi-strain probiotics (MCP® BCMC® strains) containing six different Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species at a concentration of 30 billion CFU were used ... In this pilot study, the use of probiotics did not result in any significant clinical improvement in NAFLD patients. However, at the microenvironment level (i.e., the small intestinal mucosa), probiotics seemed to be able to stabilize the mucosal immune function and to protect NAFLD patients against increased intestinal permeability. Therefore, probiotics might have a complementary role in treating NAFLD" - [Nutra USA] - See probiotic supplements at Amazon.com and iHerb.
• Ginsenoside Rk3 Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development through Targeting the Gut-Liver Axis - J Agric Food Chem 2021 Aug 20 - "Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Our previous reports showed that ginsenoside Rk3 provided excellent efficacy in alleviating the intestinal inflammatory response and protecting the liver, but its mechanism for HCC prevention remains to be explored. Here, the results suggested that Rk3 displayed potent antitumor effects against a dimethyl nitrosamine- and CCl4-induced HCC mouse model. Results revealed that Rk3 application inhibited liver injury, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. In parallel, Rk3 lowered the inflammatory response by decreasing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, inducing apoptosis, and blocking the cell cycle. Meanwhile, Rk3 effectively ameliorated the gut microbiota dysbiosis. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that the LPS-TLR4 signaling pathway, which was inhibited by Rk3, plays a key role in preventing HCC. To conclude, our research provides valuable insights into how Rk3 application targets the gut-liver axis and suppresses HCC development, suggesting that Rk3 might be a promising candidate for clinical treatment of HCC" - See Panax ginseng at Amazon.com and iHerb.
• The effects of Cynara scolymus L. supplementation on liver enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Int J Clin Pract 2021 Aug 12;e14726 - "A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to summarise studies conducted on the effects of artichoke supplementation on liver enzymes ... Artichoke supplementation elicited significant reductions in liver enzymes, especially among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease" - See artichoke extract at Amazon.com.
• Benefits of time-restricted eating depend on age and sex  - Science Daily, 8/17/21 - "TRE is good not only for metabolic disease but also for increased resilience against infectious diseases and insulin resistance ... regardless of age, sex or weight loss profile, TRE strongly protected against fatty liver disease, a condition that affects up to 100 million Americans and for which no medicine has been approved ... although the females on TRE were not protected from weight gain, they still showed metabolic benefits, including less-fatty livers and better-controlled blood sugar ... TRE may protect both males and females from sepsis-induced death -- a particular danger in ICUs, especially during the pandemic. After administering a toxin that induced a sepsis-like condition in the mice, the researchers monitored survival rates for 13 days and found that TRE protected both male and female mice from dying of sepsis ... TRE didn't just protect against fatty liver disease, diabetes, and death from sepsis; it even enabled male mice to preserve and add muscle mass and improve muscle performance (the effect did not hold for females)."
• ASCs -derived exosomes loaded with vitamin A and quercetin inhibit rapid senescence-like response after acute liver injury - Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021 Aug 4 - "Acute liver injury is a short-term burst of liver cell damage, which has many causes and complex mechanisms. Despite the unique ability of the liver to heal itself, there is still no effective treatment except liver transplantation for chronic liver injury or even liver failure caused by acute liver injury ... In this study, quercetin and vitamin A loaded adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs)-derived exosomes were constructed and used to treat acute liver injury induced by CCl4 in mice. Quercetin enhances the therapeutic efficacy of exosomes, while vitamin A enhances the liver targeting of exosomes, and it was found that quercetin and vitamin A loaded mesenchymal stem cell exosomes reduce rapid senescence-like response induced by acute liver injury" - See quercetin at Amazon.com and iHerb.
• Regulation on Citrate Influx and Metabolism through Inhibiting SLC13A5 and ACLY: A Novel Mechanism Mediating the Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin on NAFLD - J Agric Food Chem 2021 Aug 11 - "Upregulated de novo lipogenesis (DNL) plays a pivotal role in the progress of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Cytoplasmic citrate flux, mediated by plasma membrane citrate transporter (SLC13A5), mitochondrial citrate carrier (SLC25A1), and ATP-dependent citrate lyase (ACLY), determines the central carbon source for acetyl-CoA required in DNL. Curcumin, a widely accepted dietary polyphenol, can attenuate lipid accumulation in NAFLD ... These findings confirm that curcumin improves the lipid accumulation in the liver by blocking citrate disposition and hence may be used to prevent NAFLD" - See curcumin at Amazon.com and iHerb.
• The Association Between Coffee Consumption and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the South Korean General Population - Mol Nutr Food Res 2021 Jul 28 - "Coffee consumption of >3 cups per day has a protective effect against the development of NAFLD to a certain extent, and a negative association is found between coffee consumed with sugar and creamer and the FIB-4 index score in South Korean adults"
• Daily Dose of Bovine Lactoferrin Prevents Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury and Death in Male Mice by Regulating Hepatic Alcohol Metabolism and Modulating Gut Microbiota - Mol Nutr Food Res 2021 Jul 30 - "Lactoferrin (Lf) possess a protective potential to liver, but whether it can prevent alcoholic liver injury (ALI) remains unclear ... LLf can ameliorate ALI, which is associated with the regulation of hepatic alcohol metabolism and the modulation of gut microbiota. However, excessive Lf intake may result in a diminished benefit" - See lactoferrin at Amazon.com.
• Melatonin induces Nrf2-HO-1 reprogramming and corrections in hepatic core clock oscillations in Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - FASEB J 2021 Sep;35(9):e21803 - "Melatonin pleiotropically regulates physiological events and has a putative regulatory role in the circadian clock desynchrony-mediated Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ... high-fat high fructose (HFHF) diet ... C57BL/6J mice subjected to HFHF and/or JL, and treated with melatonin showed an improvement in the profile of lipid regulatory genes (CPT-1, PPARa, and SREBP-1c), liver function (AST and ALT) and histomorphology of fatty liver ... Melatonin induced changes in oscillations of anti-oxidant genes (Nrf2, HO-1, and Keap1) subtly contributed in the overall improvement in NAFLD recorded herein. Taken together, melatonin induced reprograming of hepatic core clock and Nrf2-HO-1 genes leads to an improvement in HFHF/JL-induced NAFLD" - See melatonin at Amazon.com and iHerb.
• Pioglitazone even at low dosage improves NAFLD in type 2 diabetes: clinical and pathophysiological insights from a subgroup of the TOSCA.IT randomised trial - Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021 Jul 23 - "Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) share pathophysiological mechanisms and possible therapeutic strategies. We evaluated the effects of 1-year treatment with pioglitazone or sulphonylureas on indirect indices of NAFLD in people with T2D and the role of insulin-resistance and glucotoxicity in determining these effects ... one-year treatment with pioglitazone even at low dosage significantly improved liver steatosis and inflammation, systemic and adipose tissue insulin resistance in patients with T2D. The beneficial effects of pioglitazone on NAFLD were independent of blood glucose control" - See pioglitazone at ReliableRXPharmacy.
• The effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on liver function in healthy adults: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression - Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021 Jul 14 - "liver function tests (LFT) ... Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting (RDIF) ... RDIF induces significant but small (AST, ALP, BLU) to medium (GGT) positive changes on LFT, and may confer a transient, short-term protection against fatty liver disease in healthy subjects"
• Ginsenoside Rg5 Improves Insulin Resistance and Mitochondrial Biogenesis of Liver via Regulation of the Sirt1/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway in db/db Mice - J Agric Food Chem 2021 Jul 26 - "Our previous study demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg5 (Rg5) could attenuate renal injury in diabetic mice but its underlying mechanism in mitochondrial biogenesis and insulin sensitivity remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that Rg5 intervention significantly inhibited blood glucose increases in db/db mice, improved liver function damage and hepatocyte apoptosis, and activated the IRS-1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT insulin metabolism signaling pathway. Rg5 treatment also increased the level of glycogen synthesis and activated sirtuin1 (Sirt1) to increase glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant HepG2 (IR-HepG2) cells. Rg5 intervention also effectively improved liver oxidative stress and inflammation in db/db mice and increased mitochondrial biogenesis caused by T2DM. Additionally, the Rg5 treatment increased the mitochondrial mass in IR-HepG2 cells and activated Sirt1 to regulate the Sirt1/PGC-1α/mitofusin-2 mitochondrial biosynthesis pathway. Our findings demonstrated that Rg5 enhanced liver mitochondrial biogenesis and insulin sensitivity in db/db mice by activating the Sirt1/PGC-1α signaling pathway, suggesting the potential of Rg5 as a natural product for T2DM interventions" - See ginseng at Amazon.com and iHerb.
• Omega-3 phospholipids and obesity-associated NAFLD: Potential mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives - Eur J Clin Invest 2021 Jul 22 - "Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases in line with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and there is no approved drug therapy. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3 series (omega-3) are known for their hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects. Existing clinical trials suggest varying effectiveness of triacylglycerol- or ethyl ester-bound omega-3 in the treatment of NAFLD, without affecting advanced stages such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis ... Multiple mechanisms are likely involved in the overall antisteatotic effects, involving not only the liver, but also adipose tissue and the gut. Robust preclinical evidence for strong antisteatotic effects of omega-3 phospholipids in the liver should be confirmed in clinical trials" - See omega-3 supplements at Amazon.com and iHerb.
• Quercetin as a protective agent for liver diseases: A comprehensive descriptive review of the molecular mechanism - Phytother Res 2021 Jun 22 - "Quercetin is the major representative of the flavonoid subgroup of flavones, with good pharmacological activities for the treatment of liver diseases, including liver steatosis, fatty hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and liver cancer. It can significantly influence the development of liver diseases via multiple targets and multiple pathways via antifat accumulation, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity, as well as the inhibition of cellular apoptosis and proliferation ... quercetin inhibited inflammation of the liver mainly through NF-κB/TLR/NLRP3, reduced PI3K/Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress, mTOR activation in autophagy, and inhibited the expression of apoptotic factors associated with the development of liver diseases. In addition, quercetin showed different mechanisms of action at different stages of liver diseases, including the regulation of PPAR, UCP, and PLIN2-related factors via brown fat activation in liver steatosis. The compound inhibited stromal ECM deposition at the liver fibrosis stage, affecting TGF1β, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs), and apoptosis. While at the final liver cancer stage, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and spread via the hTERT, MEK1/ERK1/2, Notch, and Wnt/β-catenin-related signaling pathways" - See quercetin at Amazon.com and iHerb.
• Coffee Could Perk Up Your Liver - WebMD, 6/22/21 - "data on nearly 500,000 people with "known coffee consumption" who were followed for a median of about 11 years. Median means half were followed longer, half for less time ... Compared with non-coffee drinkers, those who drank coffee had a 21% lower risk of chronic liver disease and a 20% lower risk of chronic or fatty liver disease. Their risk of dying from chronic liver disease fell 49%, researchers found ... The biggest benefit was seen among devotees of ground coffee, which has high levels of kahweol and cafestol, natural chemical compounds from coffee beans. Both have been shown to protect against chronic liver disease in animals. However, instant coffee, which has low levels of kahweol and cafestol, also reduced the risk of chronic liver disease, researchers said, implying that there may be a complex relationship between various ingredients in coffee" - See Touch Essential Single Serve Coffee Brewer at Amazon.com.
• Apple Polyphenol Extract Improves High-Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis by Regulating Bile Acid Synthesis and Gut Microbiota in C57BL/6 Male Mice - J Agric Food Chem 2021 Jun 14 - "Our previous study showed that apple polyphenol extract (APE) ameliorated high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in C57BL/6 mice by targeting the LKB1/AMPK pathway ... bile acid (BA) metabolism ... In summary, APE, especially a high dose of APE, could alleviate hepatic steatosis, and the mechanisms were associated with inhibiting BA synthesis and modulating gut microbiota" - See apple polyphenol extract at Amazon.com.
• Olive Leaf Powder Modulate Insulin Production and Circulating Adipokines in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats - J Diet Suppl 2021 Jun 11 - "Olives (Olea europaea) have natural phytochemical compounds that are of great importance for their potential beneficially health effects ... Forty Wistar-albino male rats, weighing 200-225 g were divided into four groups (n = 10); group I: Normal healthy rats received balanced diet; group II: Diabetic control rats receiving balanced diet; group III: Diabetic rats receiving balanced diet + standard antidiabetic drugs (metformin, 600 mg/bw) and group four: Diabetic rats received diet supplemented with 2.0% OLP. The experiment was conducted for four weeks. Our results showed that the consumption of 2.0% OLP decreased serum glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, whereas serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) level was increased. OLP supplementation also inhibited the atherogenic index [AI; log (TG/HDL-C) and atherogenic coefficient (AC)] levels relative to those of the untreated diabetic group. Moreover, OLP increased serum adiponectin concentration, and decreased serum leptin concentration. Liver and kidney functions were also attenuated by OLP. This finding also implies that OLP can play an important role in the treatment and delay of diabetic complications" - See olive leaf extract at Amazon.com.
• NAD + and NAFLD - Caution, Causality, and Careful Optimism - J Physiol 2021 May 1 - "The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide, and new treatments are direly needed. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) has been proposed as a potential target to prevent and reverse NAFLD. NAD+ is an important redox factor for energy metabolism and is used as a substrate by a range of enzymes, including sirtuins (SIRT), which regulates histone acetylation, transcription factor activity and mitochondrial function. NAD+ is also a precursor for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which is an important component of the antioxidant defense system. NAD+ precursors such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) are available as over-the-counter dietary supplements, and oral supplementation with these precursors increases hepatic NAD+ levels and prevent hepatic lipid accumulation in pre-clinical models of NAFLD. Moreover, NAD+ precursors were found to improve hepatic mitochondrial function and decrease oxidative stress in pre-clinical NAFLD models. NAD+ repletion also prevents NAFLD progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as NAD+ precursor supplementation is associated with decreased hepatic stellate cell activation, and decreased fibrosis. However, initial clinical trials have only shown modest effects when NAD+ precursors were administrated to people with obesity. We review the available pre-clinical investigations of NAD+ supplementation for targeting NAFLD, and discuss how data from the first clinical trials can be reconciled with observations from preclinical research" - See nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide at Amazon.com.
• Dietary cocoa improves health of obese mice; likely has implications for humans - Science Daily, 4/14/21 - "Supplementation of cocoa powder in the diet of high-fat-fed mice with liver disease markedly reduced the severity of their condition ... Cocoa powder, a popular food ingredient most commonly used in the production of chocolate, is rich in fiber, iron and phytochemicals reported to have positive health benefits, including antioxidant polyphenols and methylxanthines ... While it is typically considered an indulgence food because of its high sugar and fat content, epidemiological and human-intervention studies have suggested that chocolate consumption is associated with reduced risk of cardio-metabolic diseases including stroke, coronary heart disease and Type 2 diabetes ... Doing the calculations, for people it works out to about 10 tablespoons of cocoa powder a day ... Or, if you follow the directions on the Hershey's box of cocoa powder, that's about five cups of hot cocoa a day ... cocoa-treated mice gained weight at a 21% lower rate and had smaller spleen weights -- indicating less inflammation -- than the high-fat-fed control mice. At the end of the study, mice fed the cocoa-powder-supplemented diet had 28% less fat in their livers than the control mice. Cocoa-treated mice also had 56% lower levels of oxidative stress and 75% lower levels of DNA damage in the liver compared to high-fat-fed control mice ... Lambert is not recommending that obese people -- or anyone -- simply add five cups of hot cocoa to their daily routine and change nothing else in their diet. But he does advise, based on what he has learned in this study, to consider substituting cocoa for other foods, particularly high-calorie snack foods" - See Ghirardelli Chocolate Intense Dark Squares, Midnight Reverie, 4.12 oz., 86% Cacao (Pack of 6) at Amazon.com.
• Coffee Could Be the Secret Weapon Against NAFLD - Medscape, 4/6/21 - ""I do recommend at least two to three cups of coffee per day for my patients with NAFLD," said Abdelmalek, professor of medicine and a gastroenterologist at Duke University, Durham, N.C. ... Her thinking on this recommendation has been influenced by a meta-analysis of 16 studies including more than 3,000 coffee drinkers and 132,000 nonconsumers; the meta-analysis concluded that coffee drinkers were 39% less likely to develop cirrhosis. There was evidence of a dose-response effect: Consumers of two or more cups daily had a 47% reduction in the risk of cirrhosis, compared with the nondrinkers, while more modest consumption was associated with a 34% reduction. Moreover, the investigators found that coffee consumption was also associated with a 27% reduction in the likelihood of developing advanced hepatic fibrosis, compared with that of non–coffee drinkers"
• Association between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D level and metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)-‍a ‍population-based study - Endocr J 2021 Mar 4 - "Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a new concept proposed in 2020. This study aimed to explore the relationship between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) level and MAFLD based on a population survey dataset (the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys of the United States) ... The incidence of MAFLD and the grade of hepatic steatosis were both significantly higher in vitamin D insufficiency group. Multivariate analysis showed that vitamin D insufficiency was an independent risk factor for MAFLD after adjusted for other confounders (OR: 1.130, 95%CI: 1.035 to 1.234). In MAFLD population, the average serum 25(OH)D level decreased with the numbers of metabolic risks in MAFLD cases. Serum 25(OH)D level was not associated with the severity of fibrosis or steatosis in MAFLD group. In Conclusion, lower serum 25(OH)D level is associated with higher prevalence of MAFLD in general population. No relationship was found between serum 25(OH)D level and the severity of hepatic steatosis or fibrosis in MAFLD" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• The Effects of Vitamin E, Silymarin and Carnitine on the Metabolic Abnormalities Associated with Nonalcoholic Liver Disease - J Diet Suppl 2021 Jan 25 - "Studies indicate that antioxidant supplementation may improve abnormal liver chemistries, glucose control, and hyperlipidemia, in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The primary objective of the study was to determine the normalization of abnormalities in hepatic function testing in patients with NAFLD when treated with vitamin E 200 IU, Silymarin 750 mg, and l-carnitine 1 gram (VSC) for 18 weeks in comparison to a placebo-controlled group ... VSC caused a significant reduction in serum glucose, insulin, and HOMA levels. While there were downtrends in the other measured values these were not statistically significant. In this 18-week study, the ability of this supplement in reducing markers of liver inflammation, glucose, insulin, and triglycerides indicate that this supplement could play an important role in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome" - See Jarrow FamilE (contains all eight members of the vitamin E family, includes Tocomin) at Amazon.com, silymarin at Amazon.com and L-carnitine at Amazon.com.
• High-protein Diet More Effectively Reduces Hepatic Fat Than Low-protein Diet Despite Lower Autophagy and FGF21 Levels - Medscape, 1/14/21 - "19 participants with morbid obesity undergoing bariatric surgery were randomized into two hypocaloric (1500–1600 kcal/day) diet groups, a low protein (10E% protein) and a high protein (30E% protein), for three weeks prior to surgery ... HP diet more effectively reduces hepatic fat than LP diet despite of lower autophagy and FGF21. Our data suggest that liver fat reduction upon HP diets result primarily from suppression of fat uptake and lipid biosynthesis" - See whey protein at Amazon.com.
• Vitamin D and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): An Update - Nutrients 2020 Oct 28 - "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the first cause of chronic liver disease worldwide; it ranges from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis (NASH) and, potentially, cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. NAFLD is also an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality. As it is largely associated with insulin resistance and related disorders, NAFLD has been recently re-named as Metabolic dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) ... Evidence so far available supports the hypothesis of potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation in selected populations of NAFLD patients, as those with shorter disease duration and mild to moderate liver damage" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com and vitamin D at iHerb.
• Common diabetes drug reverses inflammation in the liver - Science Daily, 9/10/20 - "The diabetes drug metformin -- derived from a lilac plant that's been used medicinally for more than a thousand years -- has been prescribed to hundreds of millions of people worldwide as the frontline treatment for type 2 diabetes. Yet scientists don't fully understand how the drug is so effective at controlling blood glucose ... the new work showed that the same proteins, regulated by metformin, controlled aspects of inflammation in mice, something the drug has not typically been prescribed for ... metformin is currently entering clinical trials in the United States as a general anti-aging treatment because it is effects are so well established from millions of patients and its side effects are minimal ... Metformin and exercise elicit similar beneficial outcomes, and research has previously shown that AMPK helps mediate some of the positive effects of exercise on the body" - See metformin at ReliableRX.
• Rosmarinic acid protects mice from Concanavalin A-induced hepatic injury through AMPK signaling - Biol Pharm Bull 2020 Sep 4 - "Rosmarinic acid (RA) ... The objective of this study was to investigate the role of AMPK signaling involving the protective effects of RA on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced(AIH) in mice ... Compared with the Con A group, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in RA group (100 and 150 mg/kg/day) were significantly reduced. RA also reduced hepatocyte swelling, cell death, and infiltration of leukocytes in the liver of Con A-treated mice. Serum levels of cytokines, such as interferon-γ(IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-1(IL-1β), were reduced by RA pretreatment, while the levels of serum interferon-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was elevated. These protective effects were reversed by treatment with CC. RA treatment reduced the hepatic damage via the activation of AMPK in the mice of Con A-induced. So RA acts as a potential part in the therapy of autoimmune hepatitis" - See rosemary extract at Amazon.com and rosemary extract at iHerb.
• Randomized Clinical Trial: Bergamot Citrus and Wild Cardoon Reduce Liver Steatosis and Body Weight in Non-diabetic Individuals Aged Over 50 Years - Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020 Aug 11 - "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality in the world. However, no effective pharmacological treatment for this condition has been found ... The intervention group received a nutraceutical containing a Bergamot polyphenol fraction and Cynara Cardunculus extract, 300 mg/day for 12 weeks. The control group received a placebo daily ... We found a greater liver fat content reduction in the participants taking the nutraceutical rather than placebo (-48.2 ± 39 vs. -26.9 ± 43 dB/m" - [Nutra USA] - See bergamot supplement supplement at Amazon.com and Cynara Cardunculus extract at Amazon.com.
• Delta-tocotrienol supplementation improves biochemical markers of hepatocellular injury and steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial - Complementary Therapies in Medicine, Aug 2020 - "patients with NAFLD were randomly assigned to receive δ-tocotrienol 300 mg twice daily or placebo for 24 weeks ... δ-tocotrienol effectively improved biochemical markers of hepatocellular injury and steatosis in patients with NAFLD. δ-tocotrienol supplementation might be considered as a therapeutic option in the management of patients with NAFLD" - [Nutra USA] - See delta-tocotrienol at Amazon.com and iHerb.
• Aerobic exercise could have the final say on fatty livers - Science Daily, 7/29/20 - "fitness may be a more important clinical endpoint for improvement in patients with fatty liver diseases during exercise trials, rather than weight loss"
• Effectiveness and Safety of Panax ginseng Extract on Hepatic Dysfunction: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020 Jul 16 - "Panax ginseng extract (GS-KG9) ... A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted from December 2017 to January 2019. The trial included 60 subjects between the ages of 19 and 70 who had higher alanine transaminase (ALT) levels than the normal upper limit. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: GS-KG9 (n = 30) and placebo (n = 30). The former was administered three GS-KG9 capsules (3 g/day) and the latter three placebo capsules (3 g/day) twice each day orally after meals in the morning and evening for 12 weeks ... After 12 weeks of treatment, the ALT levels were significantly reduced in the GS-KG9 group compared to the placebo group (p=0.009). The GGT level of the GS-KG9 group was significantly lower than that of the placebo group (p=0.036). Mild AEs, such as diarrhea, occurred during the study. There were no significant differences between the two groups" - See Panax ginseng at Amazon.com and iHerb.
• Resveratrol Alleviates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Associated Hepatic Steatosis and Injury in Mice Challenged With Tunicamycin - Mol Nutr Food Res 2020 Jun 11 - "RSV attenuated the TM-induced increases in lipid peroxidation, hepatocyte apoptosis, and the overactivation of inflammatory signals ... Conclusion: RSV may have an auxiliary therapeutic potential to prevent the development of steatosis and its progression to steatohepatitis in the liver by alleviating severe ER stress" - See resveratrol products at Amazon.com and resveratrol at iHerb.
• Vitamin D 3 Reduces Risk of Cardiovascular and Liver Diseases by Lowering Homocysteine Levels: Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial - Br J Nutr 2020 Jun 1 - "Subjects were randomly divided into two groups: the placebo (n = 50) and the vitamin D (n = 50) which received 50,000 IU vitamin D3 per week for 2 months ... the tHcy, CRP, AST, ALT, and eGFR levels after the second month of vitamin D3 intervention were significantly (p < 0.001) decreased and the 25(OH)D, urea, and creatinine levels were significantly (p < 0.001) increased in the treatment group. In the placebo group, no significant changes were identified throughout the follow up period. In conclusion, vitamin D3 intervention with a treatment dose of 50,000 IU per week for at least 2 months may help in lowering homocysteine and CRP levels and may improve liver function tests, which in turn might help in minimizing the risk of CVD and liver diseases among overweight women but negatively affect kidney function" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com and vitamin D at iHerb.
• Combined Cranberry Supplementation and Weight Loss Diet in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial - Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020 Apr 1 - "Participants were randomly allocated to receive either a cranberry supplement or a placebo for 12 weeks. Both groups were assigned to follow a weight loss diet. At the end of the study, alanine aminotransferase and insulin decreased significantly in both groups (p < .05); however, this reduction was significantly greater in the cranberry group than in the placebo group (p < .05). Significant improvements in insulin resistance were observed in the cranberry group and between the two groups (p < .001 and p = .020, respectively). Also, there was an improvement in steatosis grade and anthropometric measurements in both groups (p < .05), and there was no significant difference between the two groups in regard to these factors (p > .05). It seems that 288 mg of cranberry extract might improve managing NAFLD, which is equivalent to 26 g of dried cranberry" - [Nutra USA] - cranberry extract at Amazon.com and iHerb.
• Effects of Branched-Chain Amino Acid (BCAA) Supplementation on the Progression of Advanced Liver Disease: A Korean Nationwide, Multicenter, Prospective, Observational, Cohort Study - Nutrients 2020 May 15 - "Liver cirrhosis patients with Child-Pugh (CP) scores from 8 to 10 were prospectively recruited from 13 medical centers. Patients supplemented with 12.45 g of daily BCAA granules over 6 months, and patients consuming a regular diet were assigned to the BCAA and control groups, respectively. The effects of BCAA supplementation were evaluated using the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, CP score, serum albumin, serum bilirubin, incidence of cirrhosis-related events, and event-free survival for 24 months ... A total of 124 patients was analyzed: 63 in the BCAA group and 61 in the control group. The MELD score (p = 0.009) and CP score (p = 0.011) significantly improved in the BCAA group compared to the control group over time. However, the levels of serum albumin and bilirubin in the BCAA group did not improve during the study period. The cumulative event-free survival was significantly improved in the BCAA group compared to the control group (HR = 0.389" - See BCAA products at Amazon.com and iHerb.com.
• Combined Amelioration of Prebiotic Resveratrol and Probiotic Bifidobacteria on Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - Nutr Cancer 2020 May 21 - "Supplement of probiotics is considered as a promising strategy for NAFLD and obesity treatment ... We proposed that combination with a prebiotic substrate may improve the effects of probiotics. Thus, in this study, we investigated the separated and combined effects of Bifidobacteria and resveratrol (RSV) against obesity and NAFLD. NAFLD was caused by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding for 8 weeks. HFD-treated mice were orally treated with B. longum (1 × 109 CFU/mouse/day), RSV (100 mg/kg/day), and both of them from the fifth week. HFD feeding caused obesity and NAFLD as indicated by significantly increased body and liver weights, liver steatosis, elevated serum transaminases and lipid profiles, increased inflammation and imbalanced redox status. Based on these physical and biochemical parameters, inflammatory and antioxidant markers, individual administration of B. longum and RSV alleviated obesity and NAFLD, while coadministration of both products further enhanced the efficacy. These data suggested that combined prebiotic RSV and probiotic B. longum would be a potential candidate or adjuvant for the treatment of obesity and NAFLD" - See prebiotic supplements at Amazon.com and prebiotic supplements at iHerb and resveratrol products at Amazon.com and resveratrol at iHerb.
• Associations of Coffee Consumption with the Circulating Level of Alanine Aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase. A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies - J Am Coll Nutr. 2020 Apr 28 - "A total of 19 observational studies, which involved 222,067 individuals, were included in this meta-analysis. The combined SMD suggested that coffee consumption was associated with a lower level of ALT (SMD = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.22 to -0.06; p = 0.001) and AST (SMD = -0.17, 95% CI: -0.20 to -0.13; p < 0.001), respectively. Meanwhile, the overall multivariable adjusted OR showed that coffee consumption was inversely associated with the elevated ALT (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.60 to 0.79; p < 0.001) and AST (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.48 to 0.81; p < 0.001), respectively"
• Effect of garlic powder supplementation on hepatic steatosis, liver enzymes, and lipid profile in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial - Br J Nutr. 2020 Apr 21:1-18 - "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a range of disorders from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. There is no proven drug treatment for NAFLD and diet modification is considered part of the main line of treatment for this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of garlic supplementation in NAFLD patients. The effect of garlic powder supplementation on hepatic steatosis, liver enzymes, and lipid profile was investigated in NAFLD patients. Ninety NAFLD patients were randomly assigned to take either a garlic powder supplement or a placebo for 12 weeks. The treatment group received four tablets of garlic daily (each tablet contained 400 mg garlic powder). The control group received four tablets of placebo (each placebo contained 400 mg starch). At the end of the study, hepatic steatosis significantly reduced in the treatment group compared to the control group (P = 0.001). In addition, a significant decrease was seen in the treatment group compared to the control group in the serum concentration of alanine transaminase (P < 0.001), aspartate transaminase (P = 0.002), gamma-glutamyltransferase (P = 0.003), as well as total cholesterol (P = 0.009), triglyceride (P < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P < 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P = 0.01). No significant difference was seen between the two groups in serum concentration of alkaline phosphatase. Overall, garlic powder supplementation improved hepatic features and lipid profile among NAFLD patients" - See garlic at iHerb.com and garlic at Amazon.com.
• Epigallocatechin Gallate Induces Hepatic Stellate Cell Senescence and Attenuates Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2020 Apr 6 - "Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly morbid condition with lack of effective treatment options. HCC arises from chronically inflamed and damaged liver tissue; therefore, chemoprevention may be a useful strategy to reduce HCC incidence. Several reports suggest that Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), extracted from green tea, can suppress liver inflammation and fibrosis in animal models ... male Wistar rats were injected with DEN at 50 mg/kg for 18 weeks to induce cirrhosis and HCC, and EGCG was given in drinking water at a concentration of 0.02%. Clinically achievable dosing of EGCG was well tolerated in DEN-injured rats and was associated with improved serum liver markers including ALT, AST, and total bilirubin, and reduced HCC tumor formation. Transcriptomic analysis of DEN-injured hepatic tissue was notable for increased expression of genes associated with the Hoshida high risk HCC gene signature, which was prevented with EGCG treatment. EGCG treatment also inhibited fibrosis progression, which was associated with inactivation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and induction of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)" - See Epigallocatechin gallate at Amazon.com.
• Protective Effect of a Mixture of Astragalus membranaceus and Lithospermum erythrorhizon Extract against Hepatic Steatosis in High Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Mice - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020 Mar 19 - "The present study aimed to evaluate the potential synergistic and protective effects of ALM16, a mixture of Astragalus membranaceus (AM) and Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LE) extract in a ratio of 7 : 3, against hepatic steatosis in high fat diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mice. Forty-eight mice were randomly divided into eight groups and orally administered daily for 6 weeks with a normal diet (ND) or high fat diet alone (HFD), HFD with AM (HFD + 100 mg/kg AM extract), HFD with LE (HFD + 100 mg/kg LE extract), HFD with ALM16 (HFD + 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg ALM16), or HFD with MT (HFD + 100 mg/kg Milk thistle extract) as a positive control. ALM16 significantly decreased the body and liver weight, serum and hepatic lipid profiles, including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL), and serum glucose levels, compared to the HFD group. Moreover, ALM16 significantly ameliorated the HFD-induced increased hepatic injury markers, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)-1. Furthermore, as compared to the mice fed HFD alone, ALM16 increased the levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC), thereby upregulating the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1 and downregulating the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c and fatty acid synthase (FAS)" - See Astragalus at Amazon.com and Lithospermum erythrorhizon at Amazon.com.
• Gut enzyme IAP found to prevent aging and frailty in animal models - Science Daily, 3/26/20 - "the enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphotase (IAP) helped prevent intestinal permeability and gut-derived systemic inflammation, resulting in less frailty and extended life span. "Oral IAP supplementation in older mice significantly preserved gut barrier function and was associated with preserving the homeostasis of the gut microbiota during aging," said Hodin. "In other words, the enzyme maintained the composition of the gut bacteria and controlled the low-grade chronic inflammation that can happen with aging." ... Because IAP is a naturally occurring enzyme that almost entirely remains in the gut rather than traveling throughout the system, Hodin believes it should prove nontoxic to humans, and those who are found have low levels, especially as they age, will simply be able to supplement. "Because IAP confers anti-inflammatory properties systemically," Hodin said, "it could have implications not only for inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's and ulcerative colitis, but also for other human conditions that we now know are linked to the gut and inflammation, such as obesity and diabetes." The team is already at work on the next steps toward getting FDA approval for a supplement."
• How intermittent fasting changes liver enzymes and helps prevent disease - Science Daily, 3/10/20 - "every-other-day-fasting -- where no food was consumed on alternate days -- changed the metabolism of fatty acids in the liver, knowledge that could be applied to improvements in glucose tolerance and the regulation of diabetes ... Last year we published research into the impact of every-other-day-fasting on humans. Using these mouse data, we can now build up improved models of fasting for better human health"
• Natural compound in vegetables helps fight fatty liver disease - Science Daily, 2/7/20 - "The National Cancer Institute also notes the benefits of indole-3-carbinol found in cruciferous vegetables, including their anti-inflammatory and cancer-fighting properties ... treatment of NAFLD-mimicking animal models with indole significantly decreased fat accumulation and inflammation in the liver ... in addition to reducing the amount of fat in liver cells, indole also acts on cells in the intestine, which send out molecular signals that dampen inflammation ... "Foods with a high capacity of indole production or medicines that mimic its effects may be new therapies for treatment of NAFLD" - See Indole-3-carbinol at Amazon.com.
• 5 Liver-Saving Strategies for the New Year - Medscape, 12/23/19 - "Cut way down on calories, strategically ... Exercise your way to a healthier liver ... Celebrate dry January (or sober September) ... Adopt a Mediterranean diet ... Recognize the risk of a liver detox"
• Dietary Choline Supplementation Attenuates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice - J Nutr. 2019 Dec 18 - "cohort fed an HFD (60% kcal fat) or an HFD with supplemental choline (60% kcal fat, 1.2% choline; HFD+C) for 30 wk ... HFD+C mice exhibited a 50-90% increase in both circulating choline and betaine concentrations in the fed state (P ≤ 0.05). Choline supplementation resulted in a 55% decrease in total tumor numbers, a 67% decrease in tumor surface area, and a 50% decrease in hepatic steatosis after 30 wk of diet (P ≤ 0.05). Choline supplementation increased the abundance of mitochondria and the relative expression of β-oxidation genes by 21% and ∼75-100%, respectively, in the liver. HFD+C attenuated circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells at 15 wk of feeding (P ≤ 0.05)" - See citicholine at Amazon.com.
• Lactobacillus rhamnosus Granules Dose-Dependently Balance Intestinal Microbiome Disorders and Ameliorate Chronic Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury - J Med Food. 2019 Nov 20 - "Previously, we have demonstrated that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) can prevent alcoholic liver injury ... We found LGG granules dose-dependently protected against chronic alcoholic liver disease. When alcohol was consumed for 8 weeks with LGG treatment during the last 2 weeks, we demonstrated that the dose dependence of LGG granules can improve alcohol-induced liver injury through decreasing the levels of lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α in serum and prevent liver steatosis by suppressing triglyceride, free fatty acid, and malondialdehyde production in liver. Alcohol feeding caused a decline in the number of both Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, with a proportional increase in the number of Clostridium perfringens in ileum, and expansion of the Gram-negative bacteria Proteobacteria, Campylobacterales, and Helicobacter in cecum. However, LGG granule treatment restored the content of these microorganisms. In conclusion, LGG granule supplementation can improve the intestinal microbiota, reduce the number of gram-negative bacteria, and ameliorate alcoholic liver injury" - [Nutra USA] - See probiotic supplements at Amazon.com.
• The effects of curcumin supplementation on body mass index, body weight, and waist circumference in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Phytother Res. 2019 Dec 4 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of liver-related morbidity; its prevalence is elevating due to the rising epidemic of obesity ... Curcumin supplementation significantly reduced BMI (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -0.34 kg/m2 , 95% CI [-0.64, -0.04], p < .05) and WC (WMD = -2.12 cm, 95% CI [-3.26, -0.98], p < .001). However, no significant effects of curcumin supplementation on body weight were found. These results suggest that curcumin supplementation might have a positive effect on visceral fat and abdominal obesity that have been associated with NAFLD" - See curcumin at Amazon.com.
• Whole Grain Consumption and Its Effects on Hepatic Steatosis and Liver Enzymes in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial - Br J Nutr. 2019 Nov 5 - "Over the 12 weeks of this open-label, randomized controlled clinical trial, 112 patients [mean age: 43± 8.7 y; body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2): 32.2 ± 4.3] were randomly assigned to two groups to receive dietary advice; either to obtain at least half of their cereal servings each day from whole-grain foods or from usual cereals. By the end of the study, the grades of NAFLD showed a significant decrease in the intervention group (P < 0.001). In addition, a significant reduction in serum concentration of alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.001), γ-glutamyltransferase (P = 0.009), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.004) and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.008) were observed in the intervention group compared to the control group. After adjusting, however, no significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of lipid profile, glycemic status, and anthropometric measurements. Overall, our study demonstrated that consumption of whole grains for 12 weeks had beneficial effects on hepatic steatosis and liver enzymes concentrations in patients with"
• Curcuminoids plus piperine improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A clinical trial - J Cell Biochem. 2019 Sep;120(9):15989-15996 - "Supplementation with curcuminoids plus piperine significantly reduced the hematocrit (P = 0.027), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P = 0.048) and the serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.035), aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.042), alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.004), cholesterol (P < 0.016), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.017), Iron (P = 0.026), and Hemoglobin (P = 0.025) and increased total iron-binding capacity (P = 0.003). However, except albumin, changes in other parameters were not statistically different between groups. In addition, administration of curcuminoids plus piperine significantly improved NAFLD severity (P < 0.001), which was statistically different compared with the placebo group" - [Nutra USA] - See curcumin at Amazon.com and piperine extract at Amazon.com.
• Water Extract of Curcuma longa L. Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - Nutrients. 2019 Oct 21;11(10) - "Our aim was to investigate whether hot water extract (CLW) of Curcuma longa L. could prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ... These results suggest that CLW could be a potentially useful agent for the prevention of NAFLD through modulating fatty acid uptake" - See curcumin at Amazon.com.
• Can Bugs be Drugs? The Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics as Treatment for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - Medscape, 10/16/19 - "The most promising strategies thus far developed to alter the microbiome in NAFLD-NASH are probiotics and prebiotics. However, pre- and probiotic treatment of NAFLD-NASH is relatively new and still under development. Actual understanding of the involved mechanisms is lacking and changes in the intestinal microbiota composition after treatment are rarely measured. Furthermore, large clinical trials with comparative endpoints are unavailable. Personalised treatment based on metagenomics gut microbiota analysis will probably be part of the future diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD-NASH" - See probiotic supplements at Amazon.com and prebiotic supplements at Amazon.com.
• High-fructose and high-fat diet damages liver mitochondria - Science Daily, 10/1/19 - "high levels of fructose in the diet inhibit the liver's ability to properly metabolize fat. This effect is specific to fructose. Indeed, equally high levels of glucose in the diet actually improve the fat-burning function of the liver. This explains why high dietary fructose has more negative health impacts than glucose does, even though they have the same caloric content ... Fructose makes the liver accumulate fat. It acts almost like adding more fat to the diet. This contrasts the effect of adding more glucose to the diet, which promotes the liver's ability to burn fat, and therefore actually makes for a healthier metabolism ... In the high-fat plus fructose group, these mitochondria are fragmented and they're not able to burn fat as well as the healthy mitochondria. But looking at the high-fat diet plus glucose group, those mitochondria become more normal looking because they are burning fat normally"
• Emerging Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Potential Therapeutic Implications - Medscape, 8/26/19 - "Multiple pathophysiologic pathways connect the gut microbiome with the pathophysiology of NAFLD. Therefore, therapeutics that effectively target the gut microbiome may be beneficial for the treatment of patients with NAFLD" - See probiotic products at Amazon.com.
• Chronic inflammatory liver diseases and coffee intake - Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2019 Jun 18 - "A regular coffee consumption may have preventive healthy effects, especially if consumed without added sugars. Certainly, coffee consumption should not be prohibited in individuals with chronic inflammatory liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma"
• Effects of phytosomal curcumin on anthropometric parameters, insulin resistance, cortisolemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease indices: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial - Eur J Nutr. 2019 Feb 22 - "Subjects were randomized to be treated with indistinguishable tablets (2 per day, to be taken after dinner) containing 800 mg phytosomal curcumin (Curserin®: 200 mg curcumin, 120 mg phosphatidylserine, 480 mg phosphatidylcholine and 8 mg piperine from Piper nigrum L. dry extract) for 8 weeks ... After 56-day treatment, the curcumin-treated group experienced a significant improvement in fasting plasma insulin (FPI), HOMA index, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides (TG), HDL-C, liver transaminases, gamma-GT, index of liver steatosis and serum cortisol compared to the baseline. FPI, TG, liver transaminases, fatty liver index and serum cortisol level also significantly improved compared with the placebo-treated group. Compared to the baseline, at the end of the study placebo group experienced an improvement only in FPG and TG ... supplementation with a phytosomal preparation of curcumin containing phosphatidylserine and piperine could improve glycemic factors, hepatic function and serum cortisol levels in subjects with overweight and impaired fasting glucose" - [Nutra USA] - See curcumin products at Amazon.com, phosphatidylserine at Amazon.com, phosphatidylcholine at Amazon.com and piperine extract at Amazon.com.
• Wuzhi capsule (Schisandra Sphenanthera extract) attenuates liver steatosis and inflammation during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development - Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, February 2019 - "Wuzhi (WZ) capsule contains an ethanol extract of Schisandra sphenanthera ... Liver histology revealed significantly less steatosis, inflammation, and necrosis, which was confirmed by decreased intrahepatic triglycerides and serum ALT in WZ-treated mice. WZ also reduced the liver mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and the serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6. Sensitivity to steatohepatitis due to WZ administration correlated significantly with alterations in the expression of PPAR-α/γ, as well as the NF-κB signalling pathway ... WZ plays a protective role against MCD-induced steatohepatitis. The underlying mechanism likely involves the upregulation of PPAR-α/γ and downregulation of the NF-κB signalling pathway. Based on its beneficial effects on the liver, WZ is a promising therapeutic for NAFLD patients" - [Nutra USA] - See schizandra at Amazon.com.
• Does turmeric/curcumin supplementation improve serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Phytother Res. 2019 Jan 17 - "Results from pooled analysis revealed that turmeric/curcumin supplementation reduced ALT (MD: -7.31 UL/L, 95% CI [-13.16, -1.47], p = 0.014) and AST (MD: -4.68 UL/L, 95% CI [-8.75 -0.60], p = 0.026). When RCTs stratified on the basis of their treatment duration, the significant reduction in serum concentrations of ALT and AST was observed only in studies lasting less than 12 weeks. This review suggests that turmeric/curcumin might have a favorable effect on serum concentrations of ALT and AST in patients with NAFLD" - See curcumin products at Amazon.com.
• Beneficial Effects of Vitamin D Treatment in an Obese Mouse Model of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis - Nutrients. 2019 Jan 3;11(1) - "Serum vitamin D levels negatively correlate with obesity and associated disorders such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the mechanisms linking low vitamin D (VD) status to disease progression are not completely understood ... Interestingly, preventive and to a lesser extent also interventional VD treatment resulted in improvements of liver histology. This included a significant decrease of steatosis, a trend towards lower non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score and a slight non-significant decrease of fibrosis in the preventive treatment group. In line with these changes, preventive VD treatment reduced the hepatic expression of lipogenic, inflammatory and pro-fibrotic genes. Notably, these beneficial effects occurred in conjunction with a reduction of intestinal inflammation. Together, our observations suggest that timely initiation of VD supplementation (preventive vs. interventional) is a critical determinant of treatment outcome in NASH. In the applied animal model, the improvements of liver histology occurred in conjunction with reduced inflammation in the gut, suggesting a potential relevance of vitamin D as a therapeutic agent acting on the gut⁻liver axis" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by ameliorating lipid peroxidation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammasome activation - Biol Pharm Bull. 2018 Aug 21 - "ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) ... These results suggested that Rg1 may protect against NAFLD, through regulation of lipid peroxidation, ER stress and inflammasome activation" - See ginseng at Amazon.com.
• Alcohol-related liver deaths have increased sharply - Washington Post, 7/18/18 - "The study suggests that a new generation of Americans is being afflicted "by alcohol misuse and its complications,” ... eople are at risk of life-threatening cirrhosis if they drink several drinks a night or have multiple nights of binge drinking — more than four or five drinks per sitting — per week. Women tend to be less tolerant of alcohol and their livers more sensitive to damage"
• Gut bacteria markers could be a 'smoking gun' for liver disease - Science Daily, 6/25/18 - "NAFLD starts with the build-up of fat in liver and can lead to scarring and cirrhosis, where the scarred organ eventually shrinks and the risks of liver failure and cancer increase. Fatty liver also increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases ... Their analysis also uncovered a link between the presence of fatty liver disease and subtle changes in the makeup of the microbiome itself. The more advanced the disease, the more the total number of genes encoded by gut bacteria began to decrease, an indirect measure that the microbiome was less diverse -- made up of fewer different types of bacteria ... Researchers have already discovered more than 10 million active genes linked to the microbes in our gut -- 500 times the number of genes in the human genome -- but their function remains largely unknown. However, previous studies have shown the number of active microbial genes drops dramatically with metabolic disorders, such as obesity ... According to the team, the drop in microbial diversity reveals that key gut bugs may be lost in patients with fatty liver disease" - See probiotic products at Amazon.com.
• Beneficial effect of apple vinegar on reproductive parameters in male rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - Andrologia. 2018 Jun 19 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with low testosterone levels in serum ... total antioxidant levels (TAC) ... Significant reduction in Lee index, serum triglyceride, cholesterol, liver enzymes and glucose levels was observed in vinegar treated group compared with HFD group. Vinegar lowered insulin resistance compared with HFD (p < 0.01). Steatosis in hepatocytes reduced from 56% in HFD group to 20% in group D (p < 0.05). Vinegar caused a significant increase in serum testosterone, improvement in sperm parameters and a reduced germ cell apoptosis (p < 0.05). There was an insignificant increase in TAC levels in the serum and homogenate tissue of liver and testis compared with HFD. This study reports apple vinegar has beneficial effects on male rat fertility indices in an in vivo model of NAFLD" - See apple cider vinegar at Amazon.com - 1 Source Natural 500 mg tablet equals 2 teaspoons of vinegar.  4.5 tablets equals about 3 tablespoons by my calculations.
• Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with liver cancer incidence and chronic liver disease mortality in Finnish male smokers of the ATBC study - Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2018 May 2 - "Our results suggest a possible preventive role for vitamin D against liver cancer and CLD, although the importance of the liver for vitamin D metabolism and the lack of information about underlying liver disease makes reverse causality a concern" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• Growing evidence that probiotics are good for your liver - Science Daily, 4/23/18 - "Saeedi and his colleagues focused their study on the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (known as LGG), a species common in many over-the-counter probiotic formulations. They gave mice food laced with LGG for two weeks and then examined how they responded to a high dose of acetaminophen (the active ingredient in Tylenol®) ... mice receiving the probiotic treatment suffered less liver damage when presented with an overdose of acetaminophen compared with mice that did not receive probiotics ... Administration of the probiotic LGG to mice improves the antioxidant response of the liver, protecting it from oxidative damage produced by drugs such as acetaminophen ... Other studies in mice have previously shown that LGG can protect against alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease" - See probiotic products at Amazon.com.
• High consumption of red and processed meat linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance - Science Daily, 3/20/18 - "The results showed that high consumption of red and processed meat is independently associated with NAFLD and insulin resistance regardless of saturated fat and cholesterol intake and other risk factors such as BMI. In addition, individuals who consumed large quantities of meat cooked using unhealthy methods and those already diagnosed with NAFLD who consumed high HCAs had a higher chance of having insulin resistance"
• Positive Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D and Liver Enzymes Levels in Healthy Individuals: A Population-Based Study from Iran - Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2018 Feb 22:1-6 - "According to results, there was a positive association between 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and ALT in individuals without liver diseases" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• Antioxidant activity and apoptotic induction as mechanisms of action of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) against a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line - J Int Med Res. 2018 Jan 1 - "Ashwagandha could be a powerful antioxidant and a promising anticancer agent against HCC" - See ashwagandha at Amazon.com.
• Oral Supplementation of Glutamine Attenuates the Progression of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in C57BL/6J Mice - J Nutr. 2017 Nov;147(11):2041-2049 - "Universally accepted therapeutic strategies for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are still lacking. Studies suggest a preventive effect of oral Gln supplementation on the development of NASH ... The liver histology scores significantly increased from 8 to 13 wk (+31%) in WSD-fed mice and were significantly higher than in controls (P ≤ 0.05 for both time comparisons), whereas scores did not differ between C diet-fed and WSD + Gln-fed mice after 13 wk of feeding" - [Nutra USA] - See l-glutamine at Amazon.com.
• Citrulline decreases hepatic endotoxin-induced injury in fructose-induced non-alcoholic liver disease: an ex vivo study in the isolated perfused rat liver - Br J Nutr. 2017 Jun 22:1-8 - "In vivo, citrulline significantly decreased dyslipidaemia induced by a high-fructose diet and insulin resistance. In the isolated perfused rat livers, endotoxaemia resulted in higher cytolysis (alanine aminotransferase release) and higher inflammation (Toll-like receptor 4) in livers of fructose-fed rats, and it was prevented by citrulline supplementation ... In this context of mild steatosis, our results suggest that fructose-induced NAFLD leads to an increased hepatic sensitivity to LPS-induced inflammation. Citrulline-induced restriction of the inflammatory process may thus contribute to the prevention of NAFLD" - See BulkSupplements Pure L-Citrulline Powder.
• Turmeric Supplementation Improves Serum Glucose Indices and Leptin Levels in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases - J Am Coll Nutr. 2017 Apr 26:1-7 - "Turmeric consumption decreased serum levels of glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and leptin (by 1.22, 17.69, 19.48 and 21.33% respectively, p < 0.05 for all) over 12 weeks compared with those variables in the placebo group" - See curcumin products at Amazon.com.
• Saponins (ginsenosides) from the Leaves of Panax Quinquefolius Ameliorated Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice - J Agric Food Chem. 2017 Apr 21 - "Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most frequent inducement of drug-induced acute liver injury (ALI). The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of saponins (ginsenosides) from the leaves of Panax quinquefolius (PQS) against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and the involved mechanism were investigated ... The present study clearly demonstrates that PQS exerts a protective effect against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity due to its anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. The findings from the present investigation show that PQS might be an effective candidate extract against drug-induced ALI" - See ginseng at Amazon.com.
• Pioglitazone May Improve NASH Histology for Many Patients - Medscape, 2/15/17 - "Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is becoming a major public health issue and is a leading cause of liver transplant ... treatment with the antidiabetic drug pioglitazone reverses the more advanced stages of liver disease in NASH regardless of the presence of diabetes, which provides a rationale for evaluating the effect of this drug on clinical outcomes in this subgroup of patients at higher risk of liver-related complications ... the combined results for all studies showed that treatment with thiazolidinedione therapy improved advanced fibrosis by more than threefold compared with no treatment"
• Common antioxidant may guard against liver disease - Science Daily, 1/3/17 - "Pyrroloquinoline quinone, or PQQ, is a natural antioxidant found in soil and many foods and enriched in human breast milk ... fed adult mice healthy diets or Western-style diets heavy on fat, sugar and cholesterol. They gave a subset of both groups PQQ in their drinking water ... Their offspring were kept on the diets for 20 weeks. Those fed a Western diet gained more weight than those on a healthy diet. PQQ did not change the weight gain but it did reduce the fat in the livers even before the mice were born ... The antioxidant also reduced inflammation in the livers of mice fed the Western diet. The researchers found that PQQ protected adult mice from fatty liver, even when it was stopped after three weeks when the mice quit breastfeeding" - See pyrroloquinoline quinone at Amazon.com.
• High-Protein Diet May Reduce Liver Fat in Patients With NAFLD - Medscape, 11/16/16 - "High-protein diets (30% energy from protein, 40% from carbohydrates, 30% from fats) with a favorable fatty acid composition potently reduced liver fat content in patients with type 2 diabetes and fatty liver independently of protein origin or body weight changes ... Eighteen patients ate animal protein (AP) and 19 consumed plant protein (PP) ... Intrahepatic lipids (IHL) were reduced by 48% in the AP group and 35.7% in the PP group after six weeks, both statistically significant decreases. Nine patients (three from the AP group, six from the PP group) had IHL levels below 5.56%, meaning they no longer had NAFLD"
• Dietary sodium and potassium intake in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - Br J Nutr. 2016 Oct;116(8):1447-1456 - "Increasing prevalence of NAFLD was observed with increasing Na intake. The multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) of NAFLD comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of energy-adjusted Na intake were 1·25 (95 % CI 1·18, 1·32; P trend<0·001) in men and 1·32 (95 % CI 1·18, 1·47; P trend <0·001) in women ... No inverse association was observed for energy-adjusted K intake. Our findings suggest that higher Na intake is associated with a greater prevalence of NAFLD in young and middle-aged asymptomatic adults, which might be partly mediated by adiposity"
• Effects of Dark Chocolate on NOX-2-generated Oxidative Stress in Patients With Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis - Medscape, 9/1/16 - "Compared to controls, NASH patients had higher sNOX2-dp, serum isoprostanes and CK-18 levels. A significant difference for treatments was found in subjects with respect to sNOX2-dp, serum isoprostanes and serum CK-18. The pairwise comparisons showed that, compared to baseline, after 14 days of dark chocolate intake, a significant reduction in sNOX2-dp serum isoprostanes and CK-18 M30 was found. No change was observed after milk chocolate ingestion" - See Ghirardelli Chocolate Intense Dark Squares, Midnight Reverie, 4.12 oz., 86% Cacao (Pack of 4) at Amazon.com.
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Beneficial Effects of Flavonoids - Phytother Res. 2016 Jun 16 - "Flavonoids prevent hepatosteatosis by increasing fatty acid oxidation in the liver. They can also reduce caloric intake and decrease body weight and fat deposition in visceral tissues. Flavonoids are unique antioxidants that exert their beneficial effects through inhibition of nuclear factor κB, thereby attenuating release of inflammatory cytokines, which are triggers of insulin resistance. Finally, flavonoids have shown to increase adiponectin, improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, correct dyslipidemia, and reduce blood pressure in patients with NAFLD" - See flavonoids at Amazon.com.
• Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Curcumin: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial - Phytother Res. 2016 Jun 8 - "patients with ultrasonographic evidence of NAFLD were randomly assigned to receive an amorphous dispersion curcumin formulation (500 mg/day equivalent to 70-mg curcumin) or matched placebo for a period of 8 weeks ... Compared with placebo, curcumin was associated with a significant reduction in liver fat content (78.9% improvement in the curcumin vs 27.5% improvement in the placebo group). There were also significant reductions in body mass index and serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose, and glycated hemoglobin compared with the placebo group. Curcumin was safe and well tolerated during the course of trial" - See curcumin products at Amazon.com.
• Preventive effects of citrulline on Western diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - Br J Nutr. 2016 May 20:1-13 - "Cit improves Western diet-induced liver injuries via decreased lipid deposition, increased insulin sensitivity, lower inflammatory process and preserved antioxidant status. This may be related in part to its protective effects at the gut level" - See BulkSupplements Pure L-Citrulline Powder.
• Dietary Broccoli Lessens Development of Fatty Liver and Liver Cancer in Mice Given Diethylnitrosamine and Fed a Western or Control Diet - J Nutr. 2016 Mar;146(3):542-50 - "The high-fat and high-sugar Westernized diet that is popular worldwide is associated with increased body fat accumulation, which has been related to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Without treatment, NAFLD may progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a cancer with a high mortality rate ... Adult 5-wk-old male B6C3F1 mice received a control diet (AIN-93M) or a Western diet (high in lard and sucrose, 19% and 31%, wt:wt, respectively), with or without freeze-dried broccoli ... Mice receiving broccoli exhibited lower hepatic triglycerides (P < 0.001) and NAFLD scores (P < 0.0001), decreased plasma alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.0001), suppressed activation of hepatic CD68(+) macrophages (P < 0.0001), and slowed initiation and progression of hepatic neoplasm. Hepatic Cd36 was downregulated by broccoli feeding (P = 0.006), whereas microsomal triglyceride transfer protein was upregulated (P = 0.045), supporting the finding that dietary broccoli decreased hepatic triglycerides" - [Nutra USA] - See Jarrow Formulas BroccoMax, Supports Liver Health, 60 Delayed Veggie Caps at Amazon.com.
• Protective effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG against dyslipidemia in high-fat diet-induced obese mice - Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016 Mar 23 - "Recent reports suggest that gut microbiota can be a major determinant of dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its modulation by treating probiotics is a valid strategy to exert a protective effect. In this study, high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were orally administrated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) for 13 weeks. Significant reductions in the weights of the liver, mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissues were observed in LGG-treated HFD-fed mice compared to LGG-non-treated controls. The serum levels of triglyceride and cholesterol were also significantly reduced in LGG-treated mice. Gut microbial composition analysis showed that shifts in the diversity of dominant gut bacteria were caused by HFD and restored by LGG treatment. A remarkable decrease of hepatic fat content was also observed in LGG-treated mice, accompanied by downregulated expressions of lipogenic and pro-inflammatory genes in the liver. LGG-treated mice had lower expression levels of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis, but conversely, higher expression levels of cholesterol efflux-related genes compared to LGG-non-treated controls" - See probiotic products at Amazon.com.
• Daily chocolate consumption is inversely associated with insulin resistance and liver enzymes in the Observation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Luxembourg study - Br J Nutr. 2016 Mar 17:1-8 - "After excluding subjects taking antidiabetic medications, higher chocolate consumption was associated with lower HOMA-IR (β=-0·16, P=0·004), serum insulin levels (β=-0·16, P=0·003) and γ-GT (β=-0·12, P=0·009) and ALT (β=-0·09, P=0·004), after adjustment for age, sex, education, lifestyle and dietary confounding factors, including intakes of fruits and vegetables, alcohol, polyphenol-rich coffee and tea. This study reports an independent inverse relationship between daily chocolate consumption and levels of insulin, HOMA-IR and liver enzymes in adults, suggesting that chocolate consumption may improve liver enzymes and protect against insulin resistance, a well-established risk factor for cardiometabolic disorders" - See Ghirardelli Chocolate Intense Dark Squares, Midnight Reverie, 4.12 oz., 86% Cacao (Pack of 4) at Amazon.com.
• Flaxseed supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot randomized, open labeled, controlled study - Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2016 Mar 17:1-9 - "The significant mean differences were reached in hepatic markers between flaxseed and control group, respectively: ALT [-11.12 compared with -3.7 U/L; P< 0.001], AST [-8.29 compared with -4 U/L; p < 0.001], GGT [-15.7 compared with -2.62 U/L; p < 0.001], fibrosis score [-1.26 compared with -0.77 kPa; p = 0.013] and steatosis score [-47 compared with -15.45 dB/m; p = 0.022]" - See flax seed at Amazon.com.
• Protective Role of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Against Ccl4 Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice - Med Sci Monit. 2016 Mar 17;22:880-889 - "Our results provide strong evidence that administration of GSPs might confer significant protection against CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice" - See OPCs+95 at Amazon.com.
• Broccoli may offer protection against liver cancer, study shows - Science Daily, 3/3/16 - "including broccoli in the diet may also protect against liver cancer, as well as aid in countering the development of fatty liver or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which can cause malfunction of the liver and lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a liver cancer with a high mortality rate ... in mice on the Westernized diet both the number of cancer nodules and the size of the cancer nodules increased in the liver. But when broccoli was added to the diet, the number of nodules decreased ... There are actually two ways of getting fatty liver; one, by eating a high-fat, high-sugar diet and the other by drinking too much alcohol ... Broccoli stopped too much uptake of fat into the liver by decreasing the uptake and increasing the output of lipid from the liver"
• High serum carotenoids are associated with lower risk for developing elevated serum alanine aminotransferase among Japanese subjects: the Mikkabi cohort study - Br J Nutr. 2016 Feb 26:1-8 - "After adjustments for confounders, the hazard ratios for elevated serum ALT in the highest tertiles of basal serum β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and total provitamin A carotenoids against the lowest tertiles were 0.43 (95 % CI 0.22, 0.81), 0.51 (CI 0.27, 0.94) and 0.52 (CI 0.28, 0.97), respectively. For α-carotene and lycopene, borderline reduced risks were also observed; however, these were not significant. Our results further support the hypothesis that antioxidant carotenoids, especially provitamin A carotenoids, might help prevent earlier pathogenesis of non-alcoholic liver disease in Japanese subjects" - See carotenoids at Amazon.com.
• Natural sugar may treat fatty liver disease - Science Daily, 2/23/16 - "a natural sugar called trehalose prevents the sugar fructose -- thought to be a major contributor to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease -- from entering the liver and triggers a cellular housekeeping process that cleans up excess fat buildup inside liver cells ... In general, if you feed a mouse a high-sugar diet, it gets a fatty liver ... We found that if you feed a mouse a diet high in fructose plus provide drinking water that contains three percent trehalose, you completely block the development of a fatty liver. Those mice also had lower body weights at the end of the study and lower levels of circulating cholesterol, fatty acids and triglycerides ... Trehalose is a natural sugar found in plants and insects ... We know the mice that received drinking water with three percent trehalose lost weight, and we suspect that weight loss was due to loss of fat, but we can't be certain that's the only effect" - See trehalose at Amazon.com.
• Low vitamin D levels and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, evidence for their independent association in men in East China: a cross-sectional study (Survey on Prevalence in East China for Metabolic Diseases and Risk Factors (SPECT-China)) - Br J Nutr. 2016 Feb 18:1-8 - "In total, 5066 subjects were enrolled, and 2193 (43.3 %) were diagnosed with NAFLD; 84.56 % of the subjects showed vitamin D deficiency. Subjects with high vitamin D levels had a lower prevalence of NAFLD, particularly male subjects. Within the highest quartile of vitamin D levels, the prevalence of NAFLD was 40.8 %, whereas the lowest quartile of vitamin D levels showed a prevalence of 62.2 %, which was unchanged in women across the vitamin D levels. Binary logistic analysis showed that decreased vitamin D levels were associated with an increased risk of NAFLD (OR 1.54; 95 % CI 1.26, 1.88). This study suggests that vitamin D levels are significantly associated with NAFLD and that vitamin D acts as an independent factor for NAFLD prevalence, particularly in males in East China. Vitamin D interventional treatment might be a new target for controlling NAFLD; elucidating the mechanism requires further research" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• Docosahexaenoic Acid Ameliorates Fructose-Induced Hepatic Steatosis Involving ER Stress Response in Primary Mouse Hepatocytes - Nutrients. 2016 Jan 20;8(1) - "The present results suggest that DHA protects against high fructose-induced hepatocellular lipid accumulation. The current findings also suggest that alleviating the ER stress response seems to play a role in the prevention of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis by DHA" - See Jarrow Max DHA at Amazon.com.
• Quercetin Attenuates Chronic Ethanol-Induced Hepatic Mitochondrial Damage through Enhanced Mitophagy - Nutrients. 2016 Jan 5;8(1) - "Quercetin alleviated ethanol-elicited mitochondrial damage through enhancing mitophagy, highlighting a promising preventive strategy for alcoholic liver disease" - See quercetin at Amazon.com.
• Dairy Consumption Lowers Systemic Inflammation and Liver Enzymes in Typically Low-Dairy Consumers with Clinical Characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome - J Am Coll Nutr. 2015 Nov 23:1-7 - "This was a randomized study in which participants consumed low-fat dairy (LFD) (10 oz 1% milk, 6 oz nonfat yogurt, 4 oz 2% cheese) or a carbohydrate-based control (CNT) (1.5 oz granola bar and 12 oz 100% juice) for 6 weeks ... Participants had lower concentrations of both hepatic alanine aminotransferase (p < 0.05) and aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.005) after the LFD period. No significant changes in any of the plasma inflammatory compounds were found when all data were analyzed together. In contrast, expression of IL-1b and IL-6 were reduced by 46% and 63%, respectively, compared to the control period ... We conclude that three dairy servings per day improved both liver function and systemic inflammation in subjects with MetS" - See my Greek yogurt recipe at the top of my yogurt page.
• Resveratrol ameliorates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in methionine/choline-deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis through regulating autophagy - Lipids Health Dis. 2015 Oct 24;14(1):134 - "Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) ... Resveratrol can attenuate hepatic steatosis and inflammation in MCD-induced NASH by regulating autophagy. Thus, resveratrol may be a promising agent for inhibiting lipid accumulation and inflammatory processes associated with NASH" - See ReserveAge Resveratrol Vegetarian Capsules, 500 Mg, 60-Count at Amazon.com.
• Tri-iodothyronine preconditioning protects against liver ischemia reperfusion injury through the regulation of autophagy by the MEK/ERK/mTORC1 axis - Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015 Oct 20 - "After 70% liver ischemia reperfusion injury, mice that were preconditioned with appropriate T3 displayed significantly preserved liver function, less histological damage, less apoptosis, and enhanced antioxidant capacity ... T3 preconditioning could be a potential therapeutic approach to prevent liver IR injury related to various clinical conditions" - See T3 at International Anti-aging Systems.
• Effects of Multistrain Probiotic Supplementation on Glycemic and Inflammatory Indices in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial - J Am Coll Nutr. 2015 Oct 2:1-6 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition defined by exceeding triglycerides accumulation in the liver. The condition can develop into fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma ... Subjects in the intervention and control groups consumed 2 capsules/day probiotic or placebo, respectively, for 8 weeks. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) ... Means of FBS, insulin, insulin resistance, and IL-6 were significantly different between groups after intervention (p < 0.05), whereas TNF-α was not significantly modified (p > 0.05). In the probiotic group, insulin, insulin resistance, TNF-α, and IL-6 decreased significantly at the end of the study compared to the beginning of study" - See probiotic products at Amazon.com.
• Silymarin Accelerates Liver Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:603529 - "The results showed that silymarin enhanced liver regeneration by accelerating the cell cycle in PHx liver. Silymarin led to increased G1 phase (cyclin D1/pRb), S phase (cyclin E/E2F), G2 phase (cyclin B), and M phase (cyclin A) protein and mRNA at 6 hrs, 24 hrs, and 72 hrs PHx. HGF, TGFα, and TGFβ1 growth factor expressions were also enhanced. We suggest that silymarin plays a crucial role in accelerated liver regeneration after PHx" - See silymarin at Amazon.com.
• Vitamin A implicated in development of alcoholic liver disease - Science Daily, 9/1/15 - "Long-term drinking lowers vitamin A levels in the liver, which is the main site of alcohol breakdown and vitamin A storage, while raising vitamin A levels in many other tissues"
• Citrulline and Nonessential Amino Acids Prevent Fructose-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats - J Nutr. 2015 Aug 5 - "nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) ... Cit and NEAAs effectively prevented fructose-induced NAFLD. On the basis of literature data and our findings, we propose that NEAAs may exert their effects specifically on the liver, whereas Cit presumably acts at both the hepatic and whole-body level, in part via improved peripheral Arg metabolism" - See Stimulin at Amazon.com.
• Probiotics improve behavioral symptoms of chronic inflammatory diseases in mice - Science Daily, 7/28/15 - "Mice that received the probiotics spent more time engaging in social behaviors compared to mice that received a placebo ... Mice that received the probiotics had lower blood levels of TNF-α and fewer activated immune cells in the brain compared to mice that received a placebo ... The findings suggest that probiotics improved behavioral symptoms by altering communication between the immune system and the brain" - See probiotic products at Amazon.com.
• Vitamin E has a beneficial effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Nutrition. 2015 Jul-Aug;31(7-8):923-30 - "According to a random effect model analysis of the five studies, vitamin E significantly reduced aspartate transaminase (AST) by -19.43 U/L, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) by -28.91 U/L, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by -10.39 U/L, steatosis by -0.54 U/L, inflammation by -0.20 U/L, and hepatocellular ballooning by -0.34 U/L compared with the control group. Vitamin E treatment with NASH adult patients showed obvious reductions in not only AST of -13.91 U/L, ALT by -22.44 U/L, steatosis of -0.67 U/L, inflammation of -0.20 U/L, but also fibrosis of -0.30 U/L compared to the control treatment" - [Nutra USA] - See Jarrow FamilE (contains all eight members of the vitamin E family, includes Tocomin) at Amazon.com.
• Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid-enriched high fat diet delays the development of fatty liver in mice - Lipids Health Dis. 2015 Jul 22 - "Dietary EPA and DHA counteracted development of HFD-induced fatty liver. The liver transcriptome data implicate that the quality of dietary fat could modulate Ppar-related gene expression that in turn affects hepatic lipid storage and maintenance of metabolic health" - See fish oil supplements at Amazon.com.
• The relationship between the parenteral dose of fish oil supplementation and the variation of liver function tests in hospitalized adult patients - Nutr J. 2015 Jul 2;14(1):65 - "parenteral nutrition (PN) ... GGT, AP and ALT improved with FO PN-supplementation. Moreover, the improvement was greater when the doses of FO were higher. FO administration in PN is safe" - See fish oil supplements at Amazon.com.
• Vitamin D Improves Depression in Women With Liver Disease - Medscape, 6/25/15 - "in depressed patients, we found a significant improvement in BDI-II scores after both 3 and 6 months of vitamin D therapy, after which patients got significantly worse on BDI-II scores once vitamin D treatment was stopped" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• Fatty Liver Risk Increases With Daily Intake of Sugary Drinks - Medscape, 6/11/15 - "Compared with nonconsumers and individuals who consumed less than 1 serving of SSBs per month, those who consumed less than 1 serving of SSBs per week (but more than 1 serving per month) had a 16% increase in risk (95% CI, 0.88 - 1.54). Those who consumed from 1 serving per week to less than 1 serving per day had a 32% increased risk (95% CI, 0.93 - 1.86), and those who consumed more than 1 serving daily had a 61% increase in risk"
• Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial - Clin Nutr. 2015 May 21 - "In NASH patients, the supplementation of omega-3 PUFA from flaxseed and fish oils significantly impacts on plasma lipid profile of patients with NASH. Plasma increase of these PUFAs was associated with better liver histology" - See fish oil supplements at Amazon.com.
• A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on hepatic fat and associated cardiovascular risk factors in overweight children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015 Apr 25 - "The main outcome was the change in hepatic fat fraction as estimated by magnetic resonance imaging. Secondary outcomes were changes in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), and left ventricular (LV) function, as well as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglycerides, body mass index-standard deviation score (BMI-SDS), and insulin sensitivity. At 6 months, the liver fat was reduced by 53.4% (95% CI, 33.4-73.4) in the DHA group, as compared with 22.6% (6.2-39.0) in the placebo group (P = 0.040 for the comparison between the two groups). Likewise, in the DHA group VAT and EAT were reduced by 7.8% (0-18.3) and 14.2% (0-28.2%), as compared with 2.2% (0-8.1) and 1.7% (0-6.8%) in the placebo group, respectively" - See Jarrow Max DHA at Amazon.com.
• Niacin inhibits fat accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokine IL-8 in cultured hepatocytes: Impact on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - Metabolism. 2015 May 7 - "These findings suggest that niacin, through inhibiting hepatocyte DGAT2 and NADPH oxidase activity, attenuates hepatic fat accumulation and ROS production respectively. Decreased ROS production, at least in part, may have contributed to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory IL-8 levels. These mechanistic studies may be useful for the clinical development of niacin and niacin-related compounds for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH and its complications" - See niacin at Amazon.com.
• Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on hepatic dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in high fat diet-induced steatosis - Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2015 May 28 - "Hepatic superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels were significantly decreased in obese mice, but increased with EPA administration. Our data suggest that EPA supplementation has a beneficial effect on NAFLD progression" - See fish oil supplements at Amazon.com.
• Resveratrol improves hepatic steatosis by inducing autophagy through the cAMP signaling pathway - Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015 May 5 - "RSV improved hepatic steatosis partially by inducing autophagy in vitro and in vivo, via the cAMP-PRKA-AMPK-SIRT1 signaling pathway, which provides new evidence regarding RSV's effects on NAFLD treatment" - See ReserveAge Resveratrol Vegetarian Capsules, 500 Mg, 60-Count at Amazon.com.
• Pooled analysis confirms vitamin E as a treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - Science Daily, 4/23/15 - "A pooled analysis of data from two randomised trials comparing vitamin E versus placebo, and the placebo group from another trial comparing vitamin E use versus non-use, demonstrates that the efficacy of vitamin E is comparable to other treatments for NASH, including pioglitazone, metformin and obeticholic acid. In addition, treatment with vitamin E is associated with significant improvements in both NASH histology (45% vs 22% in those not treated with vitamin E) and resolution of disease (38% vs 20% in those not treated with vitamin E)" - See vitamin E products at Amazon.com.
• The Protective Effects Of Selenium-enriched Probiotics On Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Liver Fibrosis In Rats - J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Dec 16 - "Se-enriched probiotics (SP) ... SP significantly decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (48.2%), aspartate aminotransferase (26.8%), hepatic hydroxyproline (29.3%) and malondialdehyde (30.1%) levels" - See se-methyl l-selenocysteine at Amazon.com and probiotic products at Amazon.com.
• Astaxanthin lowers plasma TAG concentrations and increases hepatic antioxidant gene expression in diet-induced obesity mice - Br J Nutr. 2014 Oct 20:1-8 - "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is significantly associated with hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress. We have previously reported that astaxanthin (ASTX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, lowers plasma total cholesterol and TAG concentrations in apoE knockout mice ... ASTX supplementation lowered the plasma concentrations of TAG, ALT and AST, increased the hepatic expression of endogenous antioxidant genes, and rendered splenocytes less sensitive to LPS stimulation. Therefore, ASTX may prevent obesity-associated metabolic disturbances and inflammation" - See carotenoids at Amazon.com.
• Drinking decaf or regular coffee maybe good for the liver - Science Daily, 10/9/14 - "researchers used data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999-2010). The study population included 27,793 participants, 20 years of age or older, who provided coffee intake in a 24-hour period ... Participants who reported drinking three or more cups of coffee per day had lower levels of ALT, AST, ALP and GGT compared to those not consuming any coffee. Researchers also found low levels of these liver enzymes in participants drinking only decaffeinated coffee"
• Antidiabetic drug metformin is effective on the metabolism of asymmetric dimethylarginine in experimental liver injury - Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014 Sep 16 - "Our findings showed that metformin administration for one week has a potency to protect liver through regulating ADMA metabolism in LPS/d-GalN-induced injury" - See metformin at The Antiaging Store.
• Impact of Coffee on Liver Diseases - Medscape, 8/14/14 - "Coffee consumption was associated with improved serum gamma glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase values in a dose dependent manner in individuals at risk for liver disease. In chronic liver disease patients who consume coffee, a decreased risk of progression to cirrhosis, a lowered mortality rate in cirrhosis patients, and a lowered rate of HCC development were observed. In chronic hepatitis C patients, coffee was associated with improved virologic responses to antiviral therapy. Moreover, coffee consumption was inversely related to the severity of steatohepatitis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, in patients with chronic liver disease, daily coffee consumption should be encouraged"
• Consuming probiotics for a month helps diminish fat accumulation in the liver, according to a new study - Science Daily, 7/18/14 - "In this current study, the strains were administered during thirty days in the diet of Zucker rats ... the administration of probiotics led to an accumulation of lipids (most of them triacylglycerides) in the liver which was significantly lower than that occurring in rats fed with a placebo" - See probiotic products at Amazon.com.
• Curcumin Attenuates d-Galactosamine/Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Mice - J Nutr. 2014 Jun 4 - "These results suggested that curcumin protects against d-GalN/LPS-induced liver damage by the enhancing antioxidant defense system, attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibiting apoptosis. This was especially true for curcumin pretreatment, which highlighted its promise as a preventive treatment for acute liver injury in clinical settings" - See curcumin products at Amazon.com.
• Luteolin Alleviates Alcoholic Liver Disease Induced by Chronic and Binge Ethanol Feeding in Mice - J Nutr. 2014 May 14 - "Compared with the EtOH group, the EtOH + Lut group had significant reductions in serum concentrations of ALT (43%), TG (22%), LDL cholesterol (52%), and lipid accumulation in the liver" - See luteolin at Amazon.com.
• L-ascorbic acid- and L-ascorbic acid 2-glucoside accelerate in vivo liver regeneration and lower serum alanine aminotransaminase activity in 70% partially hepatectomized rats - Biol Pharm Bull. 2014;37(4):597-603 - "L-Ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid 2-glucoside significantly lowered the serum ALT on day 1 after PH compared with saline-, L-dehydroascorbic acid- and D-isoascorbic acid-administered rats. These results demonstrate that L-ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid 2-glucoside significantly promote the regeneration of liver mass and function with full recovery after liver injury" - See vitamin C products at Amazon.com.
• Protective effect of genistein on lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine- induced hepatic failure in mice - Biol Pharm Bull. 2014;37(4):625-32 - "the protective effect of genistein on LPS/D-GalN-induced liver damage was mainly due to its ability to block NF-κB signaling pathway for anti-inflammation response, attenuate hepatocellular apoptosis and increase HO level. These findings suggest that genistein can be considered as a potential agent for preventing acute hepatic failure" - See genistein at Amazon.com.
• Hepatoprotective Effects of Silybum marianum (Silymarin) and Glycyrrhiza glabra (Glycyrrhizin) in Combination: A Possible Synergy - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:641597 - "silymarin (SLN) and glycyrrhizin (GLN) ...Treatment with various doses of SLN and GLN significantly reduced ALT, AST, ALP, and TBARS levels and increased GSH, SOD, and CAT levels. Our findings indicated that SLN and GLN have hepatoprotective effects against oxidative stress of the liver" - See silymarin at Amazon.com and glycyrrhizin products at Amazon.com.
• Can Coffee Treat Liver Disease? - Medscape, 4/14/14 - "Current studies suggest that caffeine binds to adenosine receptors and reduces the development of hepatic fibrosis from liver injury by limiting stellate cell activation and the secretion of connective-tissue growth factors and collagen.[4] The diterpenes cafestol and kahweol present in coffee can increase cholesterol formation, but cafestol and kahweol are retained on paper filters during coffee brewing ... Alcohol (ethanol) consumption and cigarette smoking can increase gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels.[6] Coffee appears to reduce circulating levels of GGT ... Alcoholics who also drank coffee had a significant reduction in the risk for alcoholic cirrhosis ... Whether the effect of coffee on liver disease is related to caffeine or some other agent in coffee is not clear. However, many studies have failed to show a significant effect of other caffeine-containing drinks, such as green or black tea, on reducing fibrosis or inhibiting the development of HCC"
• Effects of a Diet Rich in n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Hepatic Lipogenesis and Beta-Oxidation in Mice - Lipids. 2014 Mar 14 - "In conclusion, a diet rich in fish oil has beneficial effects on hepatic insulin resistance, lipogenesis and beta-oxidation and prevents hepatic tissue from liver damage and NAFLD" - See fish oil supplements at Amazon.com.
• Anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins-rich extract from bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) on croton oil-induced ear edema and Propionibacterium acnes plus LPS-induced liver damage in mice - Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Feb 19 - "This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of bilberry extract (BE, containing 42.04% anthocyanin) on Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced liver injury and croton oil-induced ear edema in mice. Results showed that BE could effectively inhibit croton oil-induced ear edema and liver inflammation provoked by P. acnes plus LPS, as reflected by the reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities. These findings were confirmed by hepatic pathological examination. Moreover, BE administration markedly suppressed the increase of liver mRNA levels of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and the protein levels of iNOS, TNF-α and NF-κB. In addition, liver malondialdehyde and NO contents were significantly reduced by BE treatment" - See bilberry at Amazon.com.
• Protective Effect of Genistein on Lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced Hepatic Failure in Mice - Biol Pharm Bull. 2014 Jan 30 - "In conclusion, the protective effect of genistein on LPS/D-GalN-induced liver damage was mainly due to its ability to block NF-κB signaling pathway for anti-inflammation response, attenuate hepatocellular apoptosis and increase HO level. These findings suggest that genistein can be considered as a potential agent for preventing acute hepatic failure" - See genistein at Amazon.com.
• N-3 long-chain PUFA supplementation prevents high fat diet induced mouse liver steatosis and inflammation in relation to PPAR-α upregulation and NF-κB DNA binding abrogation - Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014 Jan 16 - "Data presented indicate that n-3 LCPUFAs supplementation prevents liver steatosis and inflammation induced by HFD, with underlying mechanisms involving enhanced PPAR-α signaling and diminished NF-κB activation" - See fish oil supplements at Amazon.com.
• Vitamin D levels and liver histological alterations in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) - Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Jan 10 - "73 consecutive overweight and obese children with persistently elevated serum aminotransferase levels and diffusely hyperechogenic liver on ultrasonography underwent liver biopsy ... 25-OH-VD concentrations are inversely associated with NASH and fibrosis in children with NAFLD" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• Synbiotic supplementation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study - Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Jan 8 - "52 patients with NAFLD were supplemented twice daily for 28 wk with either a synbiotic or a placebo capsule ... Synbiotic supplementation in addition to lifestyle modification is superior to lifestyle modification alone for the treatment of NAFLD, at least partially through attenuation of inflammatory markers in the body" - See prebiotic supplements at Amazon.com and probiotic products at Amazon.com.
  • Synbiotics - Wikipedia - "Synbiotics refer to nutritional supplements combining probiotics and prebiotics in a form of synergism, hence synbiotics"
• Tocotrienols for normalisation of hepatic echogenic response in nonalcoholic fatty liver: a randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial - Nutr J. 2013 Dec 27;12(1):166 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the commonest liver disorders. Obesity, insulin resistance, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress have been identified amongst the possible hits leading to the onset and progression of this disease. Nutritional evaluation of NAFLD patients showed a lower-than-recommended intake of vitamin E. Vitamin E is a family of 8 isoforms, 4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols. Alpha-tocopherol has been widely investigated in liver diseases, whereas no previous clinical trial has investigated tocotrienols for NAFLD ... The treatment, either mixed tocotrienols 200 mg twice daily or placebo, had a 1-year duration ... As primary outcome, the normalisation of hepatic echogenic response was significantly higher for the tocotrienols treated group compared to the placebo group in the intention to treat analysis (P = 0.039; 95% CI = 0.896-6.488). As secondary objective, the per protocol assessment also showed significant rate of remission (P = 0.014; 95% CI = 1.117-9.456). Worsening of NAFLD grade was recorded in two patients in the placebo group, but none in the group treated with tocotrienols" - See mixed tocopherols at Amazon.com.  My favorite is Jarrow FamilE (contains all eight members of the vitamin E family, includes Tocomin) at Amazon.com.
• Coffee and tea may contribute to a healthy liver - Science Daily, 8/16/13 - "increased caffeine intake may reduce fatty liver in people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ... caffeine stimulates the metabolization of lipids stored in liver cells and decreased the fatty liver of mice that were fed a high-fat diet. These findings suggest that consuming the equivalent caffeine intake of four cups of coffee or tea a day may be beneficial in preventing and protecting against the progression of NAFLD in humans"
• Sunshine hormone, vitamin D, may offer hope for treating liver fibrosis - Science Daily, 4/25/13 - "The Evans lab discovered a genetic switch through which vitamin D-related ligands such as calcitriol, a hormonally active form of the vitamin, can put the brakes on fibrosis. "Preclinical results suggest the 'vitamin D brake' is highly efficacious and led us to believe that the time is right to consider a trial in the context of chronic liver disease,"" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• Liver enzymes, race, gender and diabetes risk: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study - Diabet Med. 2013 Mar 20 - "Compared with aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase was more strongly associated with diabetes risk. Our findings suggest that abnormalities in liver enzymes precede the diagnosis of diabetes by many years and that individuals with elevated liver enzymes, even within the normal range as defined in clinical practice, are at high risk for diabetes"
• Antioxidant improves donated liver survival rate to more than 90% - Science Daily, 2/25/13 - "Results indicate that graft survival rates at 3 and 12 months were 93% and 90%, respectively, for patients receiving NAC infused livers; rates were 82% and 70% in the control group. Post-transplant complication rates were 23% for the NAC group and 51% in the control group. Analysis of the 61 patients receiving suboptimal livers the incidence of organ dysfunction was lower in the NAC group compared to controls at 15% and 32%, respectively" - See n-acetyl cysteine at Amazon.com.
• Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is independently associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013 Feb 13 - "Compared with matched controls, patients with NAFLD have significantly decreased serum 25(OH)D levels, suggesting that low 25(OH)D status might play a role in the development and progression of NAFLD" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• High serum vitamin D levels reduce the risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in healthy men independent of metabolic syndrome - Endocr J. 2013 Feb 13 - "performed a cross-sectional study of 6,567 Korean men who participated in a health screening program, evaluating the association of serum 25(OH)D(3) levels with the risk of NAFLD assessed by abdominal ultrasonogram ... The mean 25(OH)D(3) level was significantly lower in participants with NAFLD than in those without (38.7 +/- 9.0 vs. 39.7 +/- 9.7 nmol/L, p < 0.001). When participants were divided into tertiles based on mean 25(OH)D(3) level, the proportion with NAFLD significantly increased as mean 25(OH)D(3) level decreased (40.0, 45.0 and 45.9%, p for linear trend < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analyses with NAFLD as the dependent variable showed that the tertiles with lower 25(OH)D(3) levels had a significantly increased risk for NAFLD compared with the highest tertile, even after adjusting for body mass index and metabolic syndrome (OR 1.247 and 1.408 vs. the highest tertile, p < 0.001). Thus, participants with higher serum 25(OH)D(3) showed a significantly reduced risk for NAFLD compared with the low 25(OH)D(3) groups, independent of obesity and metabolic syndrome" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• Low serum potassium level is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its related metabolic disorders - Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Feb 13 - "Subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Low serum potassium concentration or low dietary potassium intake can result in metabolic disorders ... conducted a community-based study in 8592 subjects to investigate the association of serum potassium with the risk of prevalent NAFLD ... The prevalence rate of NAFLD was 30.3% in this population and gradually decreased across serum potassium quartiles. With the reduction of serum potassium level, participants have larger waist circumference (WC) and more severe insulin resistance. The correlations hold also in multivariate linear regression analysis. In logistic regression analysis, compared with subjects in the highest quartile of serum potassium level, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) in the lowest quartile was 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 - 1.60) for NAFLD, 1.81 (95 % CI, 1.49 - 2.19) for insulin resistance and 1.58 (95 % CI, 1.30 - 1.93) for central obesity" - See potassium citrate at Amazon.com.
• Some omega-3 oils better than others for protection against liver disease - Science Daily, 2/5/13 - "EPA had comparatively little effect on preventing the fibrosis, or scarring, that's associated with NASH. However, DHA supplementation reduced the proteins involved in liver fibrosis by more than 65 percent ... A reduction of that magnitude in the actual scarring and damage to the liver is very important ... DHA was more effective than EPA at attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis and hepatic damage" -  Note:  I take both.  See Mega Twin EPA at Amazon.com and Jarrow Max DHA at Amazon.com.
• Docosahexaenoic acid for the treatment of fatty liver: Randomised controlled trial in children - Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012 Dec 7 - "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in children ... The odds of more severe versus less severe liver steatosis decreased to the same degree at 6 months in children treated with DHA 250 mg/day and DHA 500 mg/day vs. placebo and persisted virtually unmodified for 24 months (OR ≤ 0.02, p ≤ 0.05 for all time points). Triglycerides were lower in the DHA groups than in the placebo group at any time point and ALT was lower in these groups from month 12 onwards. HOMA was lower in the DHA 250 mg group vs. placebo at months 6 and 12 ... DHA supplementation improves liver steatosis in children with NAFLD. Doses of 250 mg/day and 500 mg/day of DHA appear to be equally effective in reducing liver fat content" - See Jarrow Max DHA at Amazon.com.
• Silymarin Decreases Connective Tissue Growth Factor to Improve Liver Fibrosis in Rats Treated with Carbon Tetrachloride - Phytother Res. 2012 Aug 30 - "connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) ... The results suggest that oral administration of silymarin protects against CCl(4) -induced hepatic fibrosis in rats, likely due to the decrease in fibrotic parameters such as CTGF" - See silymarin at Amazon.com.
• Beneficial effect of a weight-stable, low-fat/low-saturated fat/low-glycaemic index diet to reduce liver fat in older subjects - Br J Nutr. 2012 Jul 31:1-9 - "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia and can progress to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis ... We conclude that diet composition may be an important factor in the accumulation of liver fat, with a low-fat/low-saturated fat/LGI diet being beneficial"
• Garlic extract attenuating rat liver fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β1 - Clin Nutr. 2012 Jul 24 - "These findings concurrently suggested that GE elicited therapeutic effect against liver fibrosis. Regression of liver fibrosis occurred by reducing myofibroblasts (through modulation of HSCs activation mechanisms), remodelling extracellular matrix (through increase of its degradation) and regenerating liver tissue and functions: three processes regulated by fine mechanisms where active TGF-β1 and tTG play a central role" - See garlic supplements at Amazon.com.
• Soy protein alleviates symptoms of fatty liver disease, study suggests - Science Daily, 4/22/12 - "Almost a third of American adults have fatty liver disease, many of them without symptoms ... Obesity is a key risk factor for this condition, which can lead to liver failure ... When fat accumulates in an organ that's not supposed to store fat -- like the liver, that organ's vital function can be dangerously compromised ... Chen compared fat accumulation in the livers of lean and obese rats, which were assigned to either a diet containing casein, a milk-based protein, or a diet containing soy protein, for 17 weeks after weaning ... While diet had no effect on the liver profiles of lean animals, the obese rats that were fed soy showed a 20 percent reduction in triglycerides and overall fat accumulation in the liver"
• Oral Tocotrienols Are Transported to Human Tissues and Delay the Progression of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score in Patients - J Nutr. 2012 Feb 1 - "The natural vitamin E family is composed of 8 members equally divided into 2 classes: tocopherols (TCP) and tocotrienols (TE). A growing body of evidence suggests TE possess potent biological activity not shared by TCP. The primary objective of this work was to determine the concentrations of TE (200 mg mixed TE, b.i.d.) and TCP [200 mg α-TCP, b.i.d.)] in vital tissues and organs of adult humans receiving oral supplementation ... α-TE was delivered to human brain at a concentration reported to be neuroprotective in experimental models of stroke. In prospective liver transplantation patients, oral TE lowered the Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score in 50% of patients supplemented, whereas only 20% of TCP-supplemented patients demonstrated a reduction in MELD score. This work provides, to our knowledge, the first evidence demonstrating that orally supplemented TE are transported to vital organs of adult humans. The findings of this study, in the context of the current literature, lay the foundation for Phase II clinical trials testing the efficacy of TE against stroke and end-stage liver disease in humans" - See Jarrow FamilE (contains all eight members of the vitamin E family, includes Tocomin) at Amazon.com.
• Green Tea Extract Suppresses NFκB Activation and Inflammatory Responses in Diet-Induced Obese Rats with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis - J Nutr. 2011 Dec 7 - "Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by oxidative stress and inflammatory responses that exacerbate liver injury ... Adult Wistar rats were fed a low-fat (LF) diet or high-fat (HF) diet containing no GTE or GTE at 1% or 2% (HF+2GTE) for 8 wk. The HF group had greater (P ≤ 0.05) serum alanine (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferases and hepatic lipids than the LF group. Both GTE groups had lower ALT and hepatic lipid than the HF group. In liver and epididymal adipose, the HF group had lower glutathione as well as greater mRNA and protein expression of TNFα and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and NFκB binding activity than the LF group. Compared to the HF group, the HF+2GTE group had greater glutathione and lower protein and mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines in both tissues. NFκB binding activities at liver and adipose were also lower, likely by inhibiting the phosphorylation of inhibitor of NFκB. NFκB binding activities in liver and adipose (P ≤ 0.05; r = 0.62 and 0.46, respectively) were correlated with ALT, and hepatic NFκB binding activity was inversely related to liver glutathione (r = -0.35). These results suggest that GTE-mediated improvements in glutathione status are associated with the inhibition of hepatic and adipose inflammatory responses mediated by NFκB, thereby protecting against NASH" - See green tea extract at Amazon.com.
• α-Lipoic acid prevents mild portal endotoxaemia-induced hepatic inflammation and β cell dysfunction - Eur J Clin Invest. 2011 Nov 16 - "Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups: those with intraportal vehicle (saline) or low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.42 ng/kg/min) infusion, combined with oral administration of vehicle or LA, a potent antioxidant (60 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks ... The histopathological examination showed that inflammatory changes were clearly visible in liver and pancreatic islets of LPS-infused rats and rarely observed in those cotreated with LA. In addition, low-dose intraportal LPS infusion also significantly impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion but not affect the systemic insulin sensitivity and metabolic clearance rate of insulin. LA administration markedly reversed LPS-induced β cell dysfunction. Conclusions  α-Lipoic acid cotreatment could significantly prevent mild portal endotoxaemia-induced chronic hepatic inflammation and impaired pancreatic insulin secretion in absence of changing systemic insulin resistance" - See alpha lipoic acid at Amazon.com.
• Effect of folic acid intervention on ALT concentration in hypertensives without known hepatic disease: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial - Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Nov 16 - "A total of 480 participants with mild or moderate essential hypertension and without known hepatic disease were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: (1) enalapril only (10 mg, control group); (2) enalapril-FA tablet (10 mg enalapril combined with 0.4 mg of FA, low FA group); and (3) enalapril-FA tablet (10 mg enalapril combined with 0.8 mg of FA, high FA group), once daily for 8 weeks ... This report included 455 participants in the final analysis according to the principle of intention to treat. We found a significant reduction in ALT level in the high FA group (median (25th percentile, 75th percentile), -0.6 (-6.9, 2.0)IU/l, P=0.0008). Compared with the control group, the high FA group showed a significantly greater ALT-lowering response in men (median ALT ratio (ALT at week 8 to ALT at baseline; 25th percentile, 75th percentile): 0.93 (0.67, 1.06) vs 1.00 (0.91, 1.21), P=0.032), and in participants with elevated ALT (ALT>40 IU/l) at baseline. There was no difference in ALT lowering between the control and the low FA group" - See folic acid products at Amazon.com.
• Combination Antioxidant Therapy May Help Fatty Liver - Medscape, 11/7/11 - "A combination of vitamin E and alpha lipoic acid (ALA) can improve the inflammatory and steatosis scores in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ... combination therapy resulted in a 70% difference in change in tumor necrosis factors-alpha levels from baseline. ... ALA alone or vitamin E alone were not as effective ... Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common liver disease in the world ... In the United States, 20% of the general population and 75% to 92% of the morbidly obese population suffer from the disease" - See alpha lipoic acid products at Amazon.com and Jarrow FamilE (contains all eight members of the vitamin E family, includes Tocomin) at Amazon.com.
• Protective Effect of Lycopene against Radiation-induced Hepatic Toxicity in Rats - J Int Med Res. 2011;39(4):1239-52 - "Lycopene supplementation significantly reduced radiotherapy-induced oxidative liver injury" - See lycopene at Amazon.com.
• Harvard study supports coffee’s anti-diabetes potential - Nutra USA, 9/21/11 - "Five cups of coffee per day for two months were associated with significant metabolic benefits and live function ... the metabolic benefits were more pronounced in caffeinated coffee, a result that supports the hypothesis that caffeine is responsible for some of the apparent benefits ... Coffee is also a rich source of polyphenols ... one cup of the stuff could provide 350 milligrams of phenolics ... Of these, the most abundant compounds in coffee are chlorogenic acids, making up to 12 per cent of the green coffee bean. The most abundant of these compounds is caffeic acid ... recruited 45 healthy, overweight coffee drinking 40 year olds ... volunteers were asked to drink five cups of coffee per day of instant caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, or water for eight weeks ... coffee consumption was associated with a 60% reduction in blood levels of a compound called interleukin-6, which can promote inflammation, compared with the water group ... In addition, levels of adiponectin – a hormone released from fat cells that plays an important role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity and energy – also decreased in the caffeinated, but not decaffeinated group" - [Abstract]
• Creatine Supplementation Prevents the Accumulation of Fat in the Livers of Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet - J Nutr. 2011 Aug 31 - "In conclusion, creatine supplementation prevented the fatty liver induced by feeding rats a HF diet, probably by normalization of the expression of key genes of β-oxidation" - See creatine at Amazon.com.
• Resveratrol attenuates steatosis in obese Zucker rats by decreasing fatty acid availability and reducing oxidative stress - Br J Nutr. 2011 Jun 28:1-9 - "Resveratrol reduced liver weight and TAG content. It did not modify the activity of lipogenic enzymes but it did increase CPT-Ia and ACO activities. NEFA and ALP were reduced in both resveratrol-treated groups. AST/GOT was reduced only by the lowest dose. ALT/GPT, TAG and adiponectin remained unchanged. Resveratrol reduced liver oxidative stress. This study demonstrates that resveratrol can protect the liver from NAFLD by reducing fatty acid availability. Moreover, resveratrol also protects liver from oxidative stress" - See resveratrol products at Amazon.com.
• Vitamin E helps diminish a type of fatty liver disease in children, study suggests - Science Daily, 4/27/11 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease among U.S. children. NAFLD ranges in severity from steatosis (fat in the liver without injury) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or NASH (fat, inflammation, and liver damage). Fatty liver increases a child's risk of developing heart disease and liver cirrhosis ... after 96 weeks of treatment, 58 percent of the children on vitamin E no longer had NASH, compared to 41 percent of the children on metformin (a diabetes drug), and 28 percent on placebo. Vitamin E was better than placebo because it significantly reduced enlargement and death of liver cells ... These results suggest that vitamin E improves or resolves NASH in at least half of children, which we previously showed to be true in adults" - See Jarrow FamilE (contains all eight members of the vitamin E family, includes Tocomin) at Amazon.com.
• Limiting carbs, not calories, reduces liver fat faster, researchers find - Science Daily, 4/19/11 - "Curbing carbohydrates is more effective than cutting calories for individuals who want to quickly reduce the amount of fat in their liver ... could have implications for treating numerous diseases including diabetes, insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or NAFLD. The disease, characterized by high levels of triglycerides in the liver, affects as many as one-third of American adults. It can lead to liver inflammation, cirrhosis and liver cancer ... Weight loss, regardless of the mechanism, is currently the most effective way to reduce liver fat"
• Protective effect of whey proteins against nonalcoholic fatty liver in rats Lipids Health Dis. 2011 Apr 13;10(1):57 - "Oral administration of the studied whey proteins products reduced the final body weight of rats. There was a significant reduction effect (P<0.05) of the tested proteins on hepatic triglycerides, liver enzymes (ALT and AST), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde level) and serum glucose. Feeding on whey proteins caused an increase in the reduced glutathione. Hepatic content of reduced glutathione was not affected by any of the used whey proteins, but it showed an increasing tendency (P>0.05). Liver histology showed an improvement of fatty infiltration in hepatocytes from whey protein groups and gives the histology of liver a normal appearance" - See whey protein at Amazon.com.
• Aerobic exercise may improve non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - Science Daily, 4/13/11 - "A study of 15 obese people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease revealed that the daily walks not only increase insulin sensitivity, but improve the liver's polyunsaturated lipid index (PUI), which is thought to be a marker of liver health ... The improvements are linked to an increase in the hormone adiponectin ... Adiponectin influences the body's response to insulin and is associated with a reduced risk of heart attack because of its anti-inflammatory properties"
• Mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver of type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats: improvement by a combination of nutrients - Br J Nutr. 2011 Mar 22:1-8 - "treatment with a combination of four nutrients, i.e. R-α-lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, nicotinamide and biotin, just as with pioglitazone, significantly improves glucose tolerance, insulin release, plasma NEFA, skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative stress in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats ... A 3-month treatment with the four nutrients significantly improved most of these abnormalities in GK rats, and the effects of the nutrient combination were greater than those of pioglitazone for most of these indices. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with nutrients that are thought to influence mitochondrial function may be an effective strategy for improving liver dysfunction in GK diabetic rats"
  • Goto-Kakizaki rat: Definition from Answers.com - "a strain of laboratory rats that have an inherited predisposition to develop diabetes"
• Dietary Whey Protein Lowers the Risk for Metabolic Disease in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet - J Nutr. 2011 Feb 10 - "whey protein isolate (WPI) ... Livers from WPI mice had significantly fewer hepatic lipid droplet numbers and less deposition of nonpolar lipids. Furthermore, WPI improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. We conclude that in mice receiving a HF diet, consumption of WPI results in higher basal metabolic rates and altered metabolism of dietary lipids. Because WPI mice had less hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance, WPI dietary supplements may be effective in slowing the development of fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes" - See whey protein at Amazon.com.
• Oral acetyl-L-carnitine therapy reduces fatigue in overt hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study - Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Feb 10 - "Fatigue is frequently reported in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and may be related to hyperammonemia. Acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) offers neuroprotective benefits and improves mitochondrial energetics and function ... At the end of the study period, the ALC-treated patients in the HE1 group showed significantly better improvement than did the placebo group in mental fatigue score (-1.7 compared with -0.3; P < 0.05), the fatigue severity scale (-6.4 compared with 2.3; P < 0.001), 7-d Physical Activity Recall questionnaire score (17.1 compared with -2.5; P < 0.001), and Short Physical Performance Battery (2.1 compared with 0.2; P < 0.001); the HE2 group showed significantly better improvement in the fatigue severity scale (-8.1 compared with -5.1; P < 0.001) and 6-min walk test (19.9 compared with 2.3; P < 0.05). Significant decreases in NH(4)(+) were observed in both groups (P < 0.001)" - See acetyl l-carnitine products at Amazon.com.
  • Hepatic encephalopathy - NIH - "Hepatic encephalopathy is a worsening of brain function that occurs when the liver is no longer able to remove toxic substances in the blood"
• Effects of a whey protein supplementation on intrahepatocellular lipids in obese female patients - Clin Nutr. 2011 Jan 31 - "intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCL) ... 60 g/day whey protein supplement (WPS) for 4-weeks ... total liver volume (MR) ... IHCL were positively correlated with visceral fat and total liver volume at inclusion. WPS decreased significantly IHCL by 20.8 +/- 7.7%, fasting total TG by 15 +/- 6.9%, and total cholesterol by 7.3 +/- 2.7%. WPS slightly increased fat free mass from 54.8 +/- 2.2 kg to 56.7 +/- 2.5 kg, p = 0.005). Visceral fat, total liver volume, glucose tolerance, creatinine clearance and insulin sensitivity were not changed" - See whey protein at Amazon.com.
• Whey protein holds fat fighting potential, suggests study - Nutra USA, 2/3/11 - "The amount of fat inside liver cells (known as intra-hepatocellular lipid concentrations – IHCL) in subjects fed a short term high fat diet has been previously shown to be reduced again through increasing dietary protein intake ... four weeks of supplementation with whey protein led to a significant decrease in IHCL of 21 percent, whilst fasting plasma triglyceride was observed to decrease by 15 percent, and total plasma cholesterol concentration decreased by over 7 percent" - [Abstract] - See whey protein at Amazon.com.
• Specific populations of gut bacteria linked to fatty liver - Science Daily, 1/31/11 - "A new research finding showing a strong relationship between complex microbial ecologies in human intestines and the common but serious medical condition known as fatty liver illustrates this paradox ... Choline deficiency also implicates genetics, since many people lack the genes to efficiently make choline internally ... The implication of the finding is that these groups of bacteria may be influencing the body's ability to properly use the choline available in food ... bioinformatics researchers at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte found a strong correlation between the relative abundances of two specific classes of bacteria and the development of fatty liver ... Those patients with the highest abundance of Gammaproteobacteria at the beginning of the study seemed to have the lowest fatty liver development. The ones with the least developed the most fatty liver ... Erysipeoltrichi showed exactly the opposite association, though this relationship was not quite as strong. So there seemed to be change going on in opposite directions"
• Preventive Effects of Taurine on Development of Hepatic Steatosis Induced by a High-Fat/Cholesterol Dietary Habit - J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Dec 2 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is also called hepatic steatosis and has become an emergent liver disease in developed and developing nations ... taurine (Tau) ... Tau shows preventive effects on the development of hepatic steatosis induced by a high-fat/cholesterol dietary habit" - See taurine at Amazon.com.
• Spice in curry could prevent liver damage - Science Daily, 10/29/10 - "Curcumin, a chemical that gives curry its zing, holds promise in preventing or treating liver damage from an advanced form of a condition known as fatty liver disease ... non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Linked to obesity and weight gain, NASH affects 3 to 4 percent of U.S. adults and can lead to a type of liver damage called liver fibrosis and possibly cirrhosis, liver cancer and death ... High levels of leptin activate hepatic stellate cells, which are the cells that cause overproduction of the collagen protein, a major feature of liver fibrosis. The researchers found that among other activities, curcumin eliminated the effects of leptin on activating hepatic stellate cells, which short-circuited the development of liver damage" - See curcumin products at Amazon.com.
• Olive oil protects liver from oxidative stress, rat study finds - Science Daily, 10/29/10 - "researchers separated the rats into a control group, an olive oil group, and 6 groups that were exposed to the herbicide '2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid' with or without either whole olive oil, or one of two oil extracts -- the hydrophilic fraction or the lipophilic fraction. All rats given the herbicide showed signs of significant liver damage. However, extra virgin olive oil and hydrophilic fraction intake induced a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and a decrease in markers of liver damage ... The hydrophilic fraction of olive oil seems to be the effective one in reducing toxin-induced oxidative stress, indicating that hydrophilic extract may exert a direct antioxidant effect on hepatic cells" - See olive leaf extract at Amazon.com.
• Exercise counteracts fatty liver disease in rats fed on fructose-rich diet - Lipids Health Dis. 2010 Oct 14;9(1):116 - "The fructose-fed rats showed decreased insulin sensitivity, and the late-exercise training protocol counteracted this alteration. There was no difference between the groups in levels of serum ALT, whereas AST and liver lipids increased in the fructose-fed sedentary group when compared with the other groups. Serum triglycerides concentrations were higher in the fructose-fed trained groups when compared with the corresponding control group"
• Oral vitamin D replacement is effective in chronic liver disease Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2010 Aug 27 - "25[OH]D was suboptimal in 101/158 (64%), including severe deficiency in 24 patients (15%). Vitamin D deficiency occurred in liver disease of all aetiologies, including patients with only mild liver disease. 25[OH]D increased by 60.0% (19.11+/-13.20nmol/l) in patients with deficiency after vitamin D replacement and decreased by 25.2% (-18.33+/-12.02nmol/l) in non-treated initially replete patients over a median of 4 months ... CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency improves with oral vitamin D supplementation and levels fall without supplementation. Chronic liver disease patients are at very high risk of vitamin D deficiency regardless of etiology or severity" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• Coffee and the liver: a potential treatment for liver disease? - Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Aug 26 - "Several studies consistently show that coffee drinkers have a reduced risk of abnormal liver function tests, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is a clear dose response to this benefit"
• Intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study in Japanese men and women - Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 Aug 4 - "The prevalence of NAFLD was 45.3% in men and 17.5% in women. In comparison with the first tertile, multivariate adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the presence of NAFLD in the second and third tertiles for men taking eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were 0.59 (0.31-1.14) and 0.45 (0.23-0.90), respectively, (P for linear trend=0.024), and the multivariate adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the presence of NAFLD in the second and third tertiles for men taking EPA+docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 0.44 (0.23-0.86) and 0.48 (0.24-0.95), respectively, (P for linear trend=0.035). However, there was no significant relation between NAFLD and each of these nutrients in women.Conclusions:Dietary EPA and EPA+DHA may be independent and preventive nutrients for NAFLD in Japanese men" - See Mega Twin EPA at Amazon.com and Jarrow Max DHA at Amazon.com.
• Finally, Vitamin E May Work -- And It's in the Liver - Medscape, 7/6/10 - "We used to call this "fatty liver"; now it's got a fancier name -- it's "nonalcoholic steatohepatitis." ... It turned out that only the Vitamin E group managed to reach that level of significance" - See Jarrow FamilE (contains all eight members of the vitamin E family, includes Tocomin) at Amazon.com.
• High fructose, trans fats lead to significant liver disease, says study - Science Daily, 6/22/10 - "mice fed the normal calorie chow diet remained lean and did not have fatty liver disease. Mice fed high calorie diets (trans-fat alone or a combination of trans-fat and high fructose) became obese and had fatty liver disease ... it was only the group fed the combination of trans-fat and high fructose which developed the advanced fatty liver disease which had fibrosis ... This same group also had increased oxidative stress in the liver, increased inflammatory cells, and increased levels of plasma oxidative stress markers"
• Blueberry ameliorates hepatic fibrosis, study finds - Science Daily, 6/17/10 - "An increasing number of natural substances have been studied to explore if they have protective effects on the liver. Blueberries have unique effects on human retinal, brain and tumor cells, but reports about the effects of blueberries on liver diseases are lacking ... The authors suggest that blueberry consumption is beneficial for hepatic diseases (including fibrosis)" - See blueberry extract at Amazon.com.
• Chromium attenuates high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in KK/HlJ mice - Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 May 27 - "Chromium supplementation prevented progression of NAFLD and the beneficial effects were accompanied by reduction of hepatic triglyceride accumulation, elevation of hepatic lipid catabolic enzyme, improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism, suppression of inflammation as well as resolution of oxidative stress, probably through enhancement of insulin signaling. Our findings suggest that chromium could serve as a hepatoprotective agent against NAFLD" - See ChromeMate® products at iHerb.
• Effects of a 1-year dietary intervention with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched olive oil on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a preliminary study - Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2010 May 13 - "Consumption of olive oil enriched with n-3 PUFA demonstrated a significant improvement of liver echo-texture and of the Doppler Perfusion Index after 12 months (after: 0.19 +/- 0.02 vs. pre: 0.15 +/- 0.03; P < 0.05), whereas no significant changes were seen at the end of follow-up in controls. Moreover, patients who consumed the olive oil enriched with n-3 PUFA showed a significant amelioration of liver enzymes, and of triglycerides (post: 132.8 +/- 63.7 vs. pre: 164.5 +/- 85.5 mg/dl; P = 0.04) in a general linear model adjusted for age and gender. Interestingly, patients reported to have a significant increase of adiponectin levels (post: 1,487.9 +/- 96.7 vs. pre: 1,143 +/- 24.8 mug/ml; P = 0.04)"
• Vitamin E may be new boon for liver disease - MSNBC, 4/28/10 - "In the study published online in the New England Journal of Medicine, 247 adults with advanced fatty liver disease were randomly assigned to take a high dose of vitamin E (800 international units), the diabetes drug Actos or dummy pills for nearly two years ... Biopsies before and after treatment showed that liver function improved in 43 percent of those in the vitamin E group compared with 19 percent in the placebo group ... participants on the diabetes drug Actos also improved, but to a lesser degree and with a drawback: gaining 10 pounds on average, which remained even after they stopped taking the drug" - See Jarrow FamilE (contains all eight members of the vitamin E family, includes Tocomin) at Amazon.com.
• Indian spice may delay liver damage and cirrhosis, study suggests - Science Daily, 3/24/10 - "The findings showed that the curcumin diet significantly reduced bile duct blockage and curbed liver cell (hepatocyte) damage and scarring (fibrosis) by interfering with several chemical signalling pathways involved in the inflammatory process" - See curcumin products at Amazon.com.
• High fructose corn syrup linked to liver scarring, research suggests - Science Daily, 3/22/10 - "The researchers found only 19 percent of adults with NAFLD reported no intake of fructose-containing beverages, while 52 percent consumed between one and six servings a week and 29 percent consumed fructose-containing beverages on a daily basis"
• Pomegranate oil-seaweed mix may improve liver health and waist size - Nutra USA, 1/25/10 - "Results showed that body weight was significantly reduced by an average of 5.5 kg in people in the NAFLD group and 4.9 kg in the normal liver function group. Women in the placebo group lost an average of 1.4 kilos. In addition, women with NAFLD experienced improvements in waist circumference, body and liver fat content, liver enzymes, and serum triglycerides" - [Abstract] - 5.5 kg is 12.1 pounds - See FucoThin at Amazon.com
• The effects of Xanthigen in the weight management of obese premenopausal women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and normal liver fat - Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010 Jan;12(1):72-81 - "Xanthigen-600/2.4 mg (300 mg PSO + 300 mg brown seaweed extract containing 2.4 mg fucoxanthin) resulted in statistically significant reduction of body weight (5.5 +/- 1.4 kg NAFLD group and 4.9 +/- 1.2 kg NLF group, p < 0.05), waist circumference (NAFLD group only), body (3.5 +/- 1.9 kg NAFLD group, p < 0.001; 3.6 +/- 0.7 kg NLF group, p < 0.05) and liver fat content, liver enzymes (NAFLD group only), serum triglycerides and C-reactive protein. Weight loss and reduction in body and liver fat content occurred earlier in patients with NLF than in patients with NAFLD. Fucoxanthin (> 2.4 mg) and Xanthigen-400/1.6 mg (200 mg PSO + 200 mg brown seaweed extract containing 1.6 mg fucoxanthin) significantly increased REE in NAFLD subjects compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Xanthigen promoted weight loss, reduced body and liver fat content, and improved liver function tests in obese non-diabetic women. Xanthigen and Fucoxanthin also increased REE. This product may be considered a promising food supplement in the management of obesity" - See FucoThin at Amazon.com
• Review article: omega-3 fatty acids - a promising novel therapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Dec 30 - "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 10-35% of the adult population worldwide; there is no consensus on its treatment ... Omega-3 fatty acids are important regulators of hepatic gene transcription. Animal studies demonstrate they reduce hepatic steatosis, improve insulin sensitivity and reduce markers of inflammation. Clinical trials in human subjects generally confirm these findings but have significant design inadequacies. Conclusions Omega-3 fatty acids are a promising treatment for NAFLD which require to be tested in randomised placebo controlled trials" - See Mega Twin EPA at Amazon.com and Jarrow Max DHA at Amazon.com.
• Review supports omega-3 for liver health - Nutra USA, 1/6/10 - "A review of four human studies found that the fatty acids could improve liver health and function, and increase insulin sensitivity in people suffering from fatty liver, a condition that is usually symptomless but said to increase the risk for liver inflammation, and ultimately results in liver failure" - See Mega Twin EPA at Amazon.com and Jarrow Max DHA at Amazon.com.
• Milk thistle herb protects cancer patients from chemotherapy-associated liver toxicity - Science Daily, 12/27/09 - "Fifty children with ALL were enrolled in the study and were randomized to receive milk thistle or placebo for 28 days. At the start of the study, all of the children had evidence of liver inflammation as measured by elevations in blood levels of the liver enzymes, aspartate amino transferase (AST) and amino alanine transferase (ALT). When the investigators performed liver function tests on the children at day 56 (28 days after receiving the herb or placebo), children receiving milk thistle had improvements in their liver enzymes compared with children receiving a placebo. Specifically, the group that took milk thistle had significantly lower levels of AST and a trend towards significantly lower levels of ALT. Taking milk thistle also seemed to help keep fewer patients from having to lower the dose of their medications: chemotherapy doses were reduced in 61 percent of the group receiving milk thistle, compared with 72 percent of the placebo group. In addition, milk thistle appeared to be safe for consumption" - See silymarin (milk thistle) products at iHerb.
• Herb May Treat Chemotherapy Liver Damage - WebMD, 12/14/09 - "The youths who took milk thistle had significantly lower levels of AST and a trend toward significant lower levels of ALT, the researchers say ... Milk thistle also seemed to help keep fewer patients from having to lower the dose of their chemotherapy drugs ... Chemotherapy doses were reduced in 61% of those on milk thistle, compared to 72% in the placebo group. Milk thistle appeared to be safe for consumption, the researchers write" - See silymarin (milk thistle) products at iHerb.
• Antifibrotic effects of green tea - Science Daily, 11/18/09 - "The researchers drew a conclusion that green tea may protect liver cells and reduce the deposition of collagen fibers in the liver. Green tea provides a safe and effective strategy for improving hepatic fibrosis" - See green tea extract at Amazon.com.
• Medication Effective For Acute Liver Failure In Early Stages Of Disease, Study Suggests - Science Daily, 10/8/09 - "Researchers found that 52 percent of acute liver failure patients in mild to moderate comas survived when treated with NAC, compared to just 30 percent of those treated with only a placebo. In patients experiencing more severe coma, treatment with NAC did not result in a significant difference in survival rates" - See n-acetyl cysteine at Amazon.com.
• Regular Aerobic Exercise Reduces Health Concerns Associated With Fatty Liver - Science Daily, 9/9/09
• Liver Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism of Insulin-Deficient Mice Is Altered by trans-10, cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid - J Nutr. 2009 Aug 19 - "Feeding mice the trans-10, cis-12 (t10c12) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer is associated with lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and liver steatosis. It has been hypothesized that CLA-induced liver steatosis is the result of increased hepatic lipogenesis stimulated by high insulin levels. We studied the effects of a 12-d t10c12CLA treatment (1 g/100 g diet) on liver carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in control and streptozotocin (STZ)-injected mice. STZ mice were characterized by insulin deficiency, hypertriglyceridemia, and depletion of liver triglyceride and glycogen. Remarkably, feeding t10c12CLA to diabetic mice (STZ-CLA) normalized these variables. Reconstitution of fat stores in the livers of STZ-CLA mice was associated with lower fatty acid (FA) oxidation rates and greater malonyl-CoA concentration than in STZ mice. FA translocase and VLDL receptor mRNA levels were greater in STZ-CLA than in STZ mice, suggesting that t10c12CLA increased liver lipid uptake. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA levels and AMP kinase phosphorylation were lower in STZ-CLA than in STZ mice, indicating that t10c12CLA may reduce glucogenic activity and promote glycogenesis in diabetic mice. Because glycemia and glucokinase expression were not modified by t10c12CLA treatment, we postulated that glycogen accumulation is likely not the result of an effect of t10c12CLA on plasma glucose utilization, but rather is due to the contribution of lactate, the concentration of which was higher in muscle of STZ-CLA mice. The results demonstrate that t10c12CLA stimulates liver lipid accumulation in the absence of insulin and, thus, suggest that t10c12CLA can improve liver carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in type I diabetic mice" - See conjugated linoleic acid at Amazon.com.
• Nutritional Supplement, SAMe, Effective In Preventing Formation Of Primary Liver Cancer In Rats - Science Daily, 7/30/09 - "A new study investigated the effectiveness of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) in the prevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or primary liver cancer. SAMe, a widely available nutritional supplement, with little known side effects, was found to be effective in preventing the formation of HCC in rats" - [Abstract] - See SAM-e at Amazon.com.
• S-adenosylmethionine in the chemoprevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in a rat model - Hepatology. 2009 Apr 6 - "SAMe is effective in preventing HCC establishment but ineffective in treating established HCC because of induction of hepatic methyltransferases, which prevents SAMe level to reach high enough to kill liver cancer cells. SAMe's chemopreventive effect may be related to its proapoptotic action and its ability to inhibit angiogenes" - See SAM-e at Amazon.com.
• Curcumin suppresses expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, leading to the inhibition of LDL-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells - Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Jul 7 - "This curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, may be useful in preventing hypercholesterolemia-associated hepatic fibrogenesis" - See curcumin products at Amazon.com.
• Fish Oil-Based Lipid Emulsions Prevent and Reverse Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease: The Boston Experience - JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009 Jul 1 - "Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) is the most prevalent and most severe complication of long-term parenteral nutrition. Its underlying pathophysiology, however, largely remains to be elucidated. The currently approved parenteral lipid emulsions in the United States contain safflower or soybean oils, both rich in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Mounting evidence indicates that the omega-6 PUFAs originating from plant oils in these lipid emulsions may play a role in the onset of liver injury. Fish oil-based lipid emulsions, in contrast, are primarily composed of omega-3 PUFAs, thus providing a promising alternative. The authors review the literature on the role of lipid emulsions in the onset of PNALD and discuss prevention and treatment strategies using a fish oil- based lipid emulsion. They conclude that a fish oil-based emulsion is hepatoprotective in a murine model of PNALD, and it appears to be safe and efficacious for the treatment of this type of liver disease in children" - See Mega Twin EPA at Amazon.com and Jarrow Max DHA at Amazon.com.
• Quercetin inhibits fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis in rat-liver cells - Eur J Clin Invest. 2009 Jun 8 - "In hepatocytes from normal rats, the quercetin-induced decrease in both de novo fatty acid and TAG synthesis, with a consequent reduction in VLDL-TAG formation, may represent a potential mechanism contributing to the reported hypotriacylglycerolemic effect of quercetin" - See quercetin at Amazon.com.
• Combination of vitamin K(2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ameliorates cumulative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma - J Hepatol. 2009 May 15 - "A 48-month follow-up revealed that the combination treatment with VK and ACE-I markedly inhibited the cumulative recurrence of HCC in association with suppression of the serum level of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); a central angiogenic factor. The serum level of lectin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein was also suppressed almost in parallel with VEGF. These beneficial effects were not observed with single treatment using VK or ACE-I" - See vitamin K at Amazon.com.
• Two Glasses Of Wine A Day Helps To Reduce Quantity Of Fat In Liver - Science Daily, 5/12/09 - "Alter four weeks, samples of liver and blood were taken from individuals of the three different groups for their subsequent analysis. It was shown that in the third group - the one treated with resveratrol -, infiltration of liver fat dropped in comparison with group two. After this and a number of other analyses, the researcher concluded that resveratrol reduces the severity of ESNA in models with rats because, in the animals treated with resveratrol, the percentage of the cells of affected liver cells was notably less in non-treated animals" - See resveratrol products at Amazon.com.
• Fatty Liver Disease: The Next Big Thing - Science Daily, 4/19/09 - "New research in The Journal of Physiology connects low aerobic capacity to another serious condition – non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) – and suggests that the resulting liver problems play a crucial step developing obesity-related illnesses ... Sufferers of NAFLD accumulate fat in their livers and have high levels of fat in their blood, amplifying the risk-factors of obesity. The disease leads to a form of liver damage called fibrosis, similar to the results of alcohol abuse"
• Resveratrol inhibits the expression of SREBP1 in cell model of steatosis via Sirt1-FOXO1 signaling pathway - Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Mar 13;380(3):644-9 - "Our results suggest that resveratrol may attenuate fat deposition by inhibiting SREBP1 expression via Sirt1-FOXO1 pathway and thus may have application for the treatment of NAFLD" - See resveratrol products at Amazon.com.
• Why Diets High In High-fructose Corn Syrup (found In Soda And Processed Foods) Can Lead To Insulin Resistance - Science Daily, 3/3/09 - "mice on a high-fructose diet were protected from insulin resistance when a gene known as transcriptional coactivator PPARg coactivator-1b (PGC-1b) was "knocked down" in the animals' liver and fat tissue ... Fructose is much more readily metabolized to fat in the liver than glucose is and in the process can lead to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ... NAFLD in turn leads to hepatic insulin resistance and type II diabetes"
• Fat-free Diet Reduces Liver Fat In Fat-free Mice, Researchers Report - Science Daily, 2/13/09
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids Prevent Medical Complications Of Obesity, Study Suggests - Science Daily, 2/12/09 - "Our study shows for the first time that lipids called protectins and resolvins derived from omega-3 fatty acids can actually reduce the instance of liver complications, such as hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, in obese people" - See Mega Twin EPA at Amazon.com and Jarrow Max DHA at Amazon.com.
• Aspirin May Prevent Liver Damage That Afflicts Millions, Study Finds - Science Daily, 1/26/09 - "Simple aspirin may prevent liver damage in millions of people suffering from side effects of common drugs, alcohol abuse, and obesity-related liver disease"
• New Therapeutic Properties Of N-acetyl-L-cysteine Discovered - Science Daily, 1/19/09 - "N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) combined with mesalamine produces a significant improvement in patients suffering from ulcerative colitis ... N-acetyl-L-cysteine, is a drug normally used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to minimize the effects of cold and flu. Its hepatic protective properties also make this drug a useful tool in paracetamol intoxications ... N-acetyl-L-cysteine reduced the negative effects caused by azathioprine, a immunosuppressant of clinical use, on the liver" - See n-acetyl cysteine at Amazon.com.
• How Did Glycine Significantly Decrease Liver Injury? - Science Daily, 10/31/08 - "Recent studies demonstrated that dietary glycine protected both the lung and liver against lethal doses of endotoxin in rat or other animals and improved graft survival after liver transplantation" - See L-glycine products at iHerb.
• Bilberry extract may ease the damages of stress: study - Nutra USA, 10/28/08 - "Mice supplemented with an anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract (Mirtoselect, Indena) at doses of 50, 100, and 200 milligrams per kilograms per day experienced lower ALT levels than non-supplemented restrained animals (17.23 versus 107.68 units per litre, respectively)"
• Low-carb Diets Alter Glucose Formation By The Liver - Science Daily, 10/20/08 - "a low-carbohydrate diet changes hepatic energy metabolism. When carbohydrates are restricted, the liver relies more on substances like lactate and amino acids to form glucose, instead of glycerol ... They suggest that the shift in glucose metabolism associated with a low carbohydrate diet could be beneficial in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) due to improved disposal of hepatic fat"
• Resveratrol Prevents Fat Accumulation In Livers Of 'Alcoholic' Mice - Science Daily, 10/14/08 - "The accumulation of fat in the liver as a result of chronic alcohol consumption could be prevented by consuming resveratrol, according to a new study with mice. The research found that resveratrol reduced the amount of fat produced in the liver of mice fed alcohol and, at the same time, increased the rate at which fat within the liver is broken down" - [WebMD] - See resveratrol products at Amazon.com.
• Vitamin D Deficiency Common In Patients With IBD, Chronic Liver Disease - Science Daily, 10/13/08 - "analyzed vitamin D levels of 504 inflammatory bowel disease patients ... almost 50 percent of the patients were Vitamin D deficient at some point, with 11 percent being severely deficient ... 92.4 percent of chronic liver patients had some degree of vitamin D deficiency and at least one third were severely deficient. Severe vitamin D deficiency was more common among cirrhotics" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• Patients With IBD, Chronic Liver Disease at Increased Risk of Vitamin D Deficiencies - Doctor's Guide, 10/7/08 - "conducted analysed vitamin D levels of 504 patients with IBD ... researchers found almost 50% of the patients were vitamin D deficient at some point, with 11% being severely deficient ... with hepatitis C virus (HCV) ... 92.4% of the patients had some degree of vitamin D deficiency and at least one-third was severely deficient" - See vitamin D at Amazon.com.
• Can Taurine Be A Potent Antioxidant Drug In The Future? - Science Daily, 9/19/08 - "Taurine is a potent antioxidant with hepatoprotective effects. Organelle based changes in hepatocytes after taurine treatment in experimental liver fibrosis were searched systematically and organelle injury scores decreased were found to decrease significantly" - See taurine at Amazon.com.
• Protective Effects of Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Extract on Restraint Stress-Induced Liver Damage in Mice - J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Aug 9 - "Bilberry extract (containing 42.04% anthocyanins) was oral administrated to mice at 50, 100, and 200 mg/(kg.day) for five days, which remarkably decreased plasma ALT level to 17.23 +/- 2.49 U/L at the dose of 200 mg/(kg.day) and thus alleviated stress-induced liver damage. In addition, bilberry extracts increased glutathione (GSH) and vitamin C levels and significantly decreased MDA and nitric oxide (NO) levels in the liver tissues. These results suggest that bilberry extract plays an important role in protecting against restraint stress-induced liver damage by both scavenging free radicals activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect. This study showed the beneficial health effects of bilberry extract through its antioxidative action" - See bilberry at Amazon.com.
• Red wine keeps liver healthy, suggests new study - Nutra USA, 5/22/08 - "People who drank up to one glass of wine a day saw the risk of liver disease due to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) cut in half ... In contrast, compared with wine drinkers, people who reported modest consumption of beer or spirits had over four times the odds of having suspected NAFLD"
• Fast-Food Liver Damage Can Be Reversed, Experts Say - Science Daily, 4/30/08 - "Diets high in fast food can be highly toxic to the liver and other internal organs, but that damage can be reversed ... You can likely reverse the damage to your liver and other vital organs if you simply give up the unhealthy lifestyle"
• Effect of Coenzyme Q(10), Riboflavin and Niacin on Tamoxifen treated postmenopausal breast cancer women with special reference to blood chemistry profiles - Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008 Apr 22 - "Tamoxifen (TAM) ... TAM also has estrogenic activity on liver and endometrium causing severe oxidative stress with various biochemical derangements. Coenzyme Q(10), Riboflavin and Niacin (CoRN) are well-known potent antioxidants and protective agents against many diseases including cancer ... A statistically significant alteration in various blood chemistry parameters, such as serum total bilirubin (S. BIL), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), uric acid (UA), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferases (LCAT), potassium, calcium and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase in sole TAM-treated group, was favorably reverted back to near normal levels on combinatorial therapy with CoRN" - See ubiquinol products at Amazon.com.
• Hepatoprotective effect of vitamin b(12) on dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury - Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Feb;31(2):309-11 - "Vitamin B(12) decreased the blood levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and clearly inhibited the overaccumulation of collagen fibrils ... vitamin B(12) could be an effective hepatoprotective agent" - Note:  Aspartate aminotransferase is the AST reading on blood tests and alanine aminotransferase is the ALT.  See vitamin B12 at Amazon.com.
• Green Tea Extract Protects Leptin-Deficient, Spontaneously Obese Mice from Hepatic Steatosis and Injury - J Nutr. 2008 Feb;138(2):323-331 - "Histologic evaluation showed a significant reduction in hepatic steatosis in GTE-fed obese mice only and histologic scores were correlated with hepatic lipid concentration (r = 0.84; P < 0.05), which was reduced dose dependently by GTE. GTE protected against hepatic injury as suggested by 30-41% and 22-33% lower serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, respectively" - Note:  Alanine aminotransferase is the "ALT" you see on blood tests and aspartate aminotransferase is the "AST" you see on blood tests.  See green tea extract at Amazon.com.
• Green tea shows benefits against fatty liver - Nutra USA, 1/22/08 - "the obese mice fed the GTE-supplemented diets had 23 to 25 per cent less body than the obese mice fed the non-supplemented diet. Moreover, the lean mice fed the GTE-supplemented diets had 11 to 20 per cent less body than their lean counterpart on the non-supplemented diet ... Measurements of the blood enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, used as markers of liver damage, showed that GTE-supplementation was associated with 30 to 41 per cent and 22 to 33 per cent lower activities, respectively" - [Abstract] - Note:  Alanine aminotransferase is the "ALT" you see on blood tests and aspartate aminotransferase is the "AST" you see on blood tests.  See green tea extract at Amazon.com.
• Treatment With NAC Is Associated With Better Outcomes For Children With Liver Failure, Study Suggests - Science Daily, 1/3/08 - "The children who received NAC spent fewer days in intensive care, and in the hospital overall. 43 percent survived with their native liver, compared to 22 percent of children who did not receive NAC. And death rates while awaiting transplant, after transplant, and after ten years were notably lower in children who had received NAC" - See n-acetyl cysteine at Amazon.com.
• Dietary lipoic acid-dependent changes in the activity and mRNA levels of hepatic lipogenic enzymes in rats - Br J Nutr. 2007 Dec 7;:1-9 - "Lipoic acid profoundly decreased serum and liver concentrations of TAG, and also lowered serum concentrations of phospholipid and NEFA, and the concentration of cholesterol in the liver. A hypoglycaemic effect of this compound was also observed. Lipoic acid dose-dependently decreased the activity and mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase, ATP-citrate lyase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and pyruvate kinase in the liver despite that reductions were considerably attenuated in the NADPH-producing enzymes. This compound also dose-dependently lowered the mRNA levels of spot 14, adiponutrin, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, and Delta5- and Delta6-desaturases. In addition, lipoic acid dose-dependently lowered serum concentrations of insulin and leptin, but increased those of adiponectin. Lipoic acid appeared to reduce hepatic lipogenesis and hence decreases serum and liver lipid levels. Alterations in serum concentrations of insulin and (or) adiponectin may trigger this consequence" - See alpha lipoic acid at Amazon.com.
• Quick-burning Carbs May Cause Fatty Liver: Low-glycemic Diet Protected Mice - Science Daily, 9/21/07 - "After six months, the mice weighed the same. However, mice on the low-glycemic index diet were lean, with normal amounts of fat in throughout their bodies. Mice on the high-glycemic index diet had twice the normal amount of fat in their bodies, blood and livers"
• Starchy diet 'may damage liver' - BBC News, 9/21/07 - ""High-glycaemic" foods - rapidly digested by the body - could be causing "fatty liver", increasing the risk of serious illness ... After six months on the diet, the mice weighed the same, but those on the high GI diet had twice the normal amount of fat in their bodies, blood and livers"
• The Effect of a Silybin-Vitamin E-Phospholipid Complex on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Pilot Study - Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Apr 5 - "silybin conjugated with vitamin E and phospholipids could be used as a complementary approach to the treatment of patients with chronic liver damage"
• Zinc and the Liver: An Active Interaction - Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Apr 6 - "zinc could protect against liver diseases"
• Sugar intake may hurt liver - Reuters, 10/31/06 - "fatty liver disease was more common in the group given sugar water, especially when exposed to a type of sugar called fructose ... These data support the hypothesis that high fructose consumption may not only (damage) the liver through over-feeding, but may be directly" toxic"
  • Obesity and Fatty Liver disease - MedicineNet.com - "Doctors also are using medications to treat non alcoholic fatty liver disease. For example, insulin-sensitizing agents, such as the thiazolidinediones, pioglitazone (Actos) and rosiglitazone (Avandia), and metformin (Glucophage) not only help to control blood glucose in patients with diabetes, but they also improve enzyme levels in patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease" - See pioglitazone or rosiglitazone at OffshoreRx1.com, XlPharmacy or SuperSaverMeds.com.
  • Avandia Positively Impacts On Factors Linked With Insulin Resistance - Doctor's Guide, 9/18/00 - "Increased deposits of fat around the internal organs and in the liver are commonly associated with insulin resistance and are found in many type 2 diabetes patients ... Avandia helps prevent accumulation of fat around the internal organs and significantly reduces hepatic fat"
  Is Coffee or Tea Good for Your Liver? - Medscape, 10/2/06 - "The consumption of coffee and tea is associated with a reduced risk of CLD"
• Nutritional Support in Chronic Liver Disease - Doctor's Guide, 4/21/06
• Prolonged n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation ameliorates hepatic steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study - Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Apr 15;23(8):1143-51 - "non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ... Supplementation with n-3 PUFA improves biochemical, ultrasonographic and haemodynamic features of liver steatosis. Our study supports the efficacy of n-3 PUFA as a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of NAFLD"
• Coffee and Tea Can Reduce Risk of Chronic Liver Disease - Doctor's Guide, 12/2/05 - "people at high risk for liver injury may be able to reduce their risk for developing chronic liver disease significantly by drinking more than two cups of coffee or tea daily. This preventative effect was only seen in people at higher risk for liver disease due to heavy alcohol intake, being overweight or having diabetes or iron overload"
• Component Of Green Tea Protects Injured Livers In Mice - Science Daily, 3/9/05
• Food Can Have Powerful Effect on Health - WebMD, 5/17/04 - "people who drank more than two cups of coffee a day were about half as likely to have elevated liver enzyme blood tests compared with those who consumed less than a cup a day. And when divided into five groups according to the total amount of caffeine consumed, people in the highest group had about one-third the risk of liver damage than those in the lowest group"
• Looking for a Liver Cure? - Dr. Weil, 5/13/04
• Weight Loss Helpful in Chronic Liver Disease - Medscape, 2/20/04
• A New Era for SAMe - Life Extension Magazine, 6/03
• SAMe Beneficial in Treating Osteoarthritis, Depression, and Liver Disease - New Hope Natural Media, 12/12/02
• Milk Thistle's Liver-Protective Properties - Nutrition Science News, 10/99
• Can Cirrhosis be Prevented? - Nutrition Science News, 1/99
• SAMe - Part 3: The Liver Super- Nutrient - Life Extension Magazine, 6/97

Other News:

• Implications of Liver Enzymes in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease - J Alzheimers Dis 2022 Jun 28 - "alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels had significant positive associations with cognitive performance and were significantly decreased in AD patients. The alkaline phosphatase level and AST to ALT ratio were significantly negatively associated with cognitive performance and were significantly increased in AD patients. This suggests that these liver enzymes might be implicated in the pathogenesis of AD"
• Your liver is just under three years old - Science Daily, 5/31/22 - "No matter if you are 20 or 84, your liver stays on average just under three years old ... the adjustment of liver mass to the needs of the body is tightly regulated through the constant replacement of liver cells and that this process is maintained even in older people. This ongoing liver cell replacement is important for various aspects of liver regeneration and cancer formation"
• About 1 in 4 adults has an often-missed liver disorder linked to higher heart disease risk - AHA, 4/14/22 - "Lifestyle changes are the cornerstone of treatment for early NAFLD. Dietary recommendations include reducing fat intake, limiting the consumption of simple sugars and choosing more fiber-rich vegetables and whole grains. A Mediterranean-style diet is the only specific dietary pattern recommended by a consortium of professional groups for the treatment of NAFLD and NASH. Avoiding alcohol is encouraged since even light alcohol intake can aggravate NAFLD and interfere with the liver’s ability to heal"
• Liver failure caused by intravenous amiodarone and effective intervention measures: A case report - J Clin Pharm Ther 2022 Mar 23 - "Amiodarone is a highly effective antiarrhythmic agent for the treatment and prevention of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Acute liver damage after intravenous amiodarone is rare but potentially harmful. Amiodarone loading should be adapted to the necessity of an immediate effect of the drug, and liver function should be monitored closely in critically ill patients. Timely stopped suspected drug and anti-inflammatory liver therapy may reduce the occurrence of drug-induced diseases"
• Associations among FT 4 level, FT 3/FT 4 ratio, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese patients with hypopituitarism - Endocr J 2022 Jan 14 - "The NAFLD(+) group had a significantly higher free triiodothyronine/free thyroxine (FT3/FT4) ratio than the NAFLD(-) group (p = 0.003). The NAFLD(+) group showed significantly lower levels of FT4 and the growth hormone (GH) than the NAFLD(-) group (p = 0.003 and 0.016, respectively). We observed an association of the FT4 level and FT3/FT4 ratio with NAFLD in the univariate model, which was non-significant after adjustment for metabolic parameters (BMI, HDL-C, triglycerides, serum uric acid, blood pressure, fasting glucose). To better understand the role of each metabolic parameters, we performed additional models for each of those predictors individually after adjustment for age and gender, the association between FT4 level and FT3/FT4 ratio lost significance after adjustment for HDL-C and TG, but not for other predictors. Our findings suggest that thyroid dysfunction may be crucially involved in NAFLD by regulating whole-body metabolism, especially lipid utilization. Therefore, sufficient thyroid hormone replacement therapy for patients with hypopituitarism is recommended from the early stage"
• Serum creatinine levels and risk of nonalcohol fatty liver disease in a middle-aged and older Chinese population: a cross-sectional analysis - Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021 Aug 3 - "Serum creatinine concentration is independently associated with NAFLD in a middle aged and older Chinese population. Elevated SCr levels, even within normal ranges, were associated with higher risk of NAFLD"
• 'Good cholesterol' may protect liver - Science Daily, 7/22/21 - "the researchers identified a special type of HDL called HDL3 that, when produced by the intestine, blocks gut bacterial signals that cause liver inflammation. If not blocked, these bacterial signals travel from the intestine to the liver, where they activate immune cells that trigger an inflammatory state, which leads to liver damage"
• Predicting risk of erectile dysfunction in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - Andrologia 2021 May 5 - "NAFLD was found to be a significantly independent associated with ED. We also found that patients with NAFLD have risk of ED 2.92 times higher than without NAFLD (OR: 2.92). For the patients presenting with erectile dysfunction, hepatic steatosis should also be considered"
• Serum alkaline phosphatase is associated with arterial stiffness and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in a Chinese population - Eur J Clin Invest 2021 Apr 13 - "Serum ALP is independently associated with arterial stiffness and 10-year CVD risk. Our results imply that serum ALP may be a promising marker to identify an increased risk for subclinical atherosclerosis in women needing further evaluation"
• Statin use is associated with lower prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes - Metabolism 2021 Mar 11 - "Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at increased risk of both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and advanced liver fibrosis related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Statin use is known to reduce the incidence of CVD while evidence on an effect on NAFLD severity is limited ... After adjustment for age, sex, race-ethnicity, BMI, albumin, total cholesterol, HbA1c, triglycerides and liver enzymes, statin use was associated with lower odds of advanced fibrosis (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.13-0.90, p = 0.03). No significant interaction was found between statin use and steatosis"
• Serum uric acid is positively associated with the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver in non-obese type 2 diabetes patients in a Chinese population - J Diabetes Complications 2021 Feb 16 - "SUA levels are strongly and independently associated with the prevalence of NAFLD. SUA may be used as a useful predictor to stratify the higher risks for NAFLD of non-obese type 2 diabetes patients"
• The Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Metformin in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease - Medscape, 4/6/20 - "The pharmacokinetics of metformin are not altered sufficiently in CLD patients to raise concerns regarding unsafe concentrations of metformin. There were no unsafe plasma lactate concentrations observed in CLD patients receiving metformin"
• Liver Cancer Increase Driven Mainly by NASH in Men Over 60 - Medscape, 3/23/20 - "From 1990 to 2017, the number of cancer cases increased nearly threefold in older men and more than twofold in older women (aged 60 years or more). This increase was driven mainly by an increase in liver cancer caused by nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), also termed fatty liver disease ... The fact that the most pronounced increase in liver cancer was caused by NASH suggests that more attention should be paid to weight management and obesity control as primary prevention strategies in these regions"
• Serum SHBG is associated with the development and regression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective study - J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Dec 3 - "Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a homodimeric glycoprotein produced by hepatocytes has been shown to be associated with metabolic disorders. Whether circulating SHBG levels are predictive of later risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unknown ... Basal SHBG was negatively associated with NAFLD development, with a fully adjusted odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.22 (0.12-0.40) (P-trend < 0.001). In contrast, basal SHBG was positively associated with NAFLD regression, with a fully adjusted OR of 4.83 (2.38-9.81) (P-trend < 0.001). Multiple-stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that SHBG concentration was an independent predictor of NAFLD development (OR, 0.28 [0.18-0.45]; P < 0.001) and regression (OR, 3.89 [2.43-6.22]; P < 0.001). In addition, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.764 (95% CI, 0.740-0.787) and 0.762 (95% CI, 0.738-0.785) for the prediction models of NAFLD development and regression, respectively"
• Serum Testosterone and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in men and Women in the US - Medscape, 12/10/18 - "In this nationally representative sample of adults in the US, low total testosterone levels were associated with suspected non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in men and post-menopausal women independent of known risk factors"
• Alcohol consumption in late teens can lead to liver problems in adulthood - Science Daily. 1/22/18 - "Data indicated that alcohol consumption early in life was associated with an increased risk of developing severe liver disease. After 39 years of follow-up, 383 men had developed severe liver disease, which was defined as a diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, decompensated liver disease (hepatocellular carcinoma, ascites, esophageal varices, hepatorenal syndrome, or hepatic encephalopathy), liver failure, or death from liver disease. The risk was dose-dependent, with no sign of a threshold effect and was more pronounced in men consuming two drinks per day, about 20 grams, or more"
• Pioglitazone Improves Fatty Liver in Prediabetes, Diabetes - Medscape, 7/5/16 - "Long-term treatment with the thiazolidinedione pioglitazone is safe and effective for patients with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) ... found long-term metabolic and histologic improvement associated with 3 years of pioglitazone, suggesting this drug may halt NASH progression and alter the natural history of the disease"
• Drinking just one or two alcoholic drinks a day linked to liver disease - Science Daily, 4/25/15 - "This new research concluded that heavy daily drinkers most significantly and independently influence a country's cirrhosis burden" - Note:  The article doesn't even mention one or two drinks as indicated in the title.  That said, it's probably true.  I may have had a few beers myself when I was younger but I never did buy off on the premise that even a little was good.  I don't see how it couldn't damage your cells and accelerate aging.  It may or may not improve blood flow and hence decrease coronary heart disease but that’s different from things like damage to your skin and wrinkles.
• Low serum sex hormone-binding globulin is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetic patients - Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Nov 4 - "One hundred and twenty patients with NAFLD and 120 age-, sex- and BMI-matched patients with non-NAFLD were enrolled into a case-control study ... Serum SHBG levels were significantly lower in NAFLD group than in non-NAFLD group (24.5 ± 11.0 vs 37.6 ± 14.4 nm, P < 0.001)" - Note:  Everything I've read is that more people are worried about high SHBG than low but I'm not a doctor.
• Can Diabetes Lead to Liver Cancer? - Medscape, 7/26/13 - "We found that the prevalence of diabetes was significantly higher in the population with HCC (39%) compared with the chronic liver disease group (10.3%). Definitively, patients with diabetes had an increased risk for developing HCC, independent of any other liver disease. Even if they had hepatitis C infection, hepatitis B infection, or alcohol excess, diabetes still increased the risk for developing HCC"
• Dietary fructose causes liver damage in animal model - Science Daily, 6/19/13 - "The big question for the researchers was what caused the liver damage. Was it because the animals got fat from eating too much, or was it something else? ... To answer that question, this study was designed to prevent weight gain. Ten middle-aged, normal weight monkeys who had never eaten fructose were divided into two groups based on comparable body shapes and waist circumference. Over six weeks, one group was fed a calorie-controlled diet consisting of 24 percent fructose, while the control group was fed a calorie-controlled diet with only a negligible amount of fructose, approximately 0.5 percent ... Both diets had the same amount of fat, carbohydrate and protein, but the sources were different ... high-fructose group's diet was made from flour, butter, pork fat, eggs and fructose (the main ingredient in corn syrup), similar to what many people eat, while the control group's diet was made from healthy complex carbohydrates and soy protein ... What surprised us the most was how quickly the liver was affected and how extensive the damage was, especially without weight gain as a factor"
• Obesity Trumps Alcohol in Liver Damage - Medscape, 5/13/13 - "In terms of liver-related morbidity and mortality, obesity is even more dangerous than alcohol consumption"
• Carbohydrate intake and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013 May 7 - "Epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and animal studies continue to point to excess dietary carbohydrate, and especially fructose, in contributing to the risk factors for NAFLD"
• Common antibiotics pose a rare risk of severe liver injury in older patients - Science Daily, 8/13/12 - "Compared with clarithromycin, moxifloxacin was associated with a more than 2-fold increased risk of admission to hospital for acute liver injury ... Levofloxacin was also associated with a statistically significant but lower risk of hepatotoxicity than…moxifloxacin"
• 'Thrilling New Agent' for Liver Cancer - Medscape, 6/28/12
• Low Testosterone as an Independent Predictor of Mortality in Men with Chronic Liver Disease - Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Jan 27 - "in a Cox proportional hazard model, both low total (p= 0.02) and free testosterone (p= 0.007) remained predictive of death independently of established prognostic factors, such as the Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, and serum sodium levels. A decrease in TT by 1 nmol/L and in cFT by 10 pmol/L was associated with an 8% increase in mortality"
• Abnormal liver tests associated with increased death rates in people over 75 - Science Daily, 8/2/11 - "The study covered liver tests for abnormal levels of asparate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin, with patients being followed up for an average of just over seven years. The elderly patients with the abnormal liver tests were compared with patients with normal liver tests ... Abnormal AST was associated with a sevenfold increased risk of death from liver disease and a 56% increase in cancer risk ... Abnormal ALP was associated with nearly a six-fold increased risk of death from liver disease. It also raised the risk of death from a number of other illnesses: heart disease (34%), cancer (61%) and respiratory disease (58%) ... Patients who had two or more elevated liver tests faced a 54% increased risk of all-cause mortality and the risk of dying from cancer doubled. They were 17 times more likely to die from liver disease than patients with no abnormal liver tests"
• Obesity greater risk for fatty liver than moderate amounts of alcohol, study suggests - Science Daily, 5/30/11 - "It turned out that the amount of fat in the liver was linked with obesity and insulin resistance and was almost not at all affected by the red wine. Specifically, after three months, none of the the wine drinkers had developed fatty liver or elevated liver transaminases"
• Plasma adiponectin-an independent indicator of liver fat accumulation - Metabolism. 2011 May 10 - "Adiponectin is a very strong predictor for liver brightness, even after adjustment for the numerous other metabolic risk factors, markers of inflammation, and novel obesity-related peptide hormones. Whether low adiponectin levels predict to liver fat accumulation remains to be explored in a future prospective follow-up of this cohort"
• Fatty liver: How a serious problem arises - Science Daily, 4/6/11 - "Up to 80 percent of obese people develop fatty liver disease, which is regarded a typical characteristic of the dangerous metabolic syndrome. Deposition of fat in the liver may lead to chronic liver inflammation and even to liver cancer. In addition, fatty liver is considered to be an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis"
• New data show non-alcoholic fatty liver disease will reach epidemic status in the US - Science Daily, 4/2/11 - "if the current rates of obesity and diabetes continue for another two decades, the prevalence of NAFLD in the US is expected to increase by 50% in 2030"
• A Molecular Link Between Sleep and Liver Fat - nih.gov, 3/21/11 - "As many as 1 in 4 Americans are estimated to have excess liver fat, which can lead to inflammation and damage that could eventually cause liver failure. Fat production in the liver is known to be affected by circadian rhythms. Past studies have shown that disrupting circadian rhythms in mice causes the animals to develop excess liver fat. They also suffer from obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome ... during the day, when mice are asleep and fasting, HDAC3 and rev-erbα help prevent the liver from producing fat. As predicted, when either protein was removed from the mouse liver, the fat metabolism genes became active regardless of time or activity level. This led to a rapid buildup of fat in the liver ... This may explain in part why altered circadian rhythms in people who do shift work is associated with metabolic disorders"
• Mayo researchers find mortality rates from liver diseases underestimated - Science Daily, 1/1/10 - "Statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) rank mortality related to chronic liver disease and cirrhosis as the 12th most common cause of death in adults in the U.S. Using a modified definition that includes diseases such as viral hepatitis, liver cancer and obesity-related fatty liver disease (liver diseases), Mayo Clinic-led researchers have found that liver-related mortality is as high as fourth for some age groups [45 and 64 years], and eighth overall"
• High doses of ursodeoxycholic acid ineffective for NASH patients, study suggests - Science Daily, 7/20/10
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with high mortality rates - Science Daily, 2/1/10
• Drinking Coffee Slows Progression Of Liver Disease In Chronic Hepatitis C Sufferers, Study Suggests - Science Daily, 10/24/09 - "Patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced liver disease who drink three or more cups of coffee per day have a 53% lower risk of liver disease progression than non-coffee drinkers"
• Second-hand Smoking Results In Liver Disease, Study Finds - Science Daily, 9/10/09
• Fat In The Liver -- Not The Belly -- May Be A Better Marker For Disease Risk - Science Daily, 8/25/09 - "Having too much liver fat is known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ... when fat collects in the liver, people experience serious metabolic problems such as insulin resistance, which affects the body's ability to metabolize sugar. They also have increases in production of fat particles in the liver that are secreted into the bloodstream and increase the level of triglycerides"
• Liver Disease 'Shrunk' By Blood-pressure Drug - Science Daily, 6/2/09 - "analysed a small clinical trial of losartan, a drug normally prescribed for hypertension, on 14 patients in Spain, who had Hepatitis C ... Half of the patients in the trial saw the scars in their liver shrink allowing the organ to repair itself ... Researchers believe that the drug blocks the signalling pathway so that the liver myofibroblasts die, removing the source of scar tissue. As the scar tissue breaks up, the damaged area of the liver is repaired by the body"
• Environmental Pollution Increases Risk Of Liver Disease, Study Finds - Science Daily, 5/29/09
• Statin Drugs May Protect Against Cancer And Also Result in Fewer Gallbladder Removals - Science Daily, 5/5/09 - "The research team found a significant inverse association between having statin prescriptions filled and the risk of developing HCC. There was a trend toward stronger risk reduction with longer and more frequent statin prescriptions"
• Daily Drinking Rather Than Binge Drinking Is Biggest Risk Factor In Serious Liver Disease, New Study Finds - Science Daily, 3/20/09
• Iron Overload: An Important Co-factor In The Development Of Liver Disease In Alcoholics - Science Daily, 2/24/09 - "A high prevalence of iron overload was found in alcoholics, which appeared to be related to the development of liver disease [odds ration for having liver disease in alcoholics with transferrin saturation greater than 45% was 2.2 (95% CI 1.37-3.54)]"
• Hepatitis C Is Killing Liver Cells - Science Daily, 2/5/09
• Tobacco Smoke And Alcohol Harm Liver Worse As Combo - Science Daily, 2/3/09
• Fat-free Diet Reduces Liver Fat In Fat-free Mice, Researchers Report - Science Daily, 2/3/09
• Fatty Liver Disease Medication May Have No Effect - Science Daily, 1/13/09
• Antibiotics: Single Largest Class Of Drugs Causing Liver Injury - Science Daily, 12/8/08 - "Antibiotics are the single largest class of agents that cause idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) ... DILI is the most common cause of death from acute liver failure and accounts for approximately 13 percent of cases of acute liver failure in the U.S"
• Pioglitazone Improves Fatty Liver Disease in Nondiabetics - Medscape, 11/5/08
• New Imaging Technology Accurately Identifies A Broad Spectrum Of Liver Disease - Science Daily, 11/1/08
• Angiotensin receptor blockers in the treatment of NASH/NAFLD: Could they be a first-class option? - Adv Ther. 2008 Oct 29 - "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ... nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) ... In our opinion there are two major advantages of ARBs that make them a possible therapeutic option for treating NASH and MS: their specific antihypertensive effect, and their impact on liver fibrosis. In light of this, and based on the current evidence (including existent human studies), we can speculate that some ARBs like telmisartan, candesartan, and losartan can be beneficial in treating NASH/NAFLD and its consequences, and further larger controlled clinical trials will bring consistent data into this field"
• Cortisol And Fatty Liver: Researchers Find Cause Of Severe Metabolic Disorders - Science Daily, 9/11/08 - "The researchers in Herzig's team specifically switched off the cortisol receptor in the livers of mice, thus blocking the hormone's effect. As a result, the triglyceride level in the livers of the experimental animals dropped considerably"
• Normal ALT Levels May Mask Advanced Fibrosis In Liver Disease Patients - Science Daily, 9/4/08
• The effects of 8 months of metformin on circulating GGT and ALT levels in obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome - Int J Clin Pract. 2008 Jun 19 - "treated with metformin 1500 or 2550 mg/day for 8 months ... Mean weight, serum ALT and GGT decreased from 100.3 to 96.6 kg (p < 0.0001), 29.7 to 25.8 U/l (p = 0.012) and 21.4 to 16.9 U/l (p < 0.0001) respectively ... In women with baseline ALT > 29.7 U/l (median), ALT reduction was highly significant (p = 0.005); however in those with baseline ALT < 29.7 U/l, ALT did not change despite similar weight reduction. There was no difference in reductions in ALT and GGT when the two metformin doses were compared"
• Belly Fat May Affect Liver Function - Science Daily, 6/10/08 - "It has been shown that people who store body fat in their abdomens are at greater risk to develop diabetes and other chronic illnesses, but why this happens has remained unclear ... Our study found lipid release from abdominal fat was substantially elevated during the night, which may be a primary mechanism leading to insulin resistance, a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes"
• Elevated Liver Enzymes Linked to Development of Diabetes - Medscape, 6/9/08 - "Compared with individuals in the lowest quintile of GGT, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes were 1.13 for quintile 2, 1.67 for quintile 3, 2.77 for quintile 4, and 2.67 for quintile 5 (p for linear trend < 0.001). For ALT, the corresponding HRs were 0.93, 1.28, 1.35, and 1.93, respectively"
• Fatty Liver Linked To Increased Risk Of Diabetic Kidney Disease - Science Daily, 5/29/08 - "For patients with type 2 diabetes, a condition called non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may be an important risk factor for diabetes-related chronic kidney disease (CKD)"
• Elevated AST, ALT Linked to Higher Future Mortality Rate - Medscape, 4/1/08 - "An abnormal AST up to 2 times ULN was associated with a 32% increased risk of death, and more than 2 times ULN was linked to a 78% increase in risk ... An abnormal ALT up to 2 times ULN was associated with a 21% increase in mortality risk, and more than 2 times ULN was associated with a 59% increase in risk ... patients with normal AST or ALT had a lower than expected risk of death (SMR 0.95 for AST and 0.61 for ALT)"
• Elevated Liver Enzymes Associated With Higher Future Mortality - Science Daily, 3/4/08 - "Liver enzymes include aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and high concentrations in the blood tend to indicate liver disease ... elevated AST was associated with a significantly increased standardized mortality rate (SMR). Elevated ALT was also associated with a higher SMR. The SMRs ranged between 1.21 and 1.78 ... elevated serum AST and ALT may be markers of cardiovascular diseases (nearly 34 percent of the deaths in the study population were due to cardiovascular causes)"
• Fatty Fast Food, Idleness May Vex Liver - WebMD, 2/13/08 - "The students were asked to gain 5% to 15% of their body weight in a month by eating at least two daily meals at fast-food restaurants and adopting a sedentary lifestyle ... On average, the students gained 14 pounds, added 2.6 inches to their waistline, and padded their body fat percentage by 3.7% during the study ... Blood samples provided by the students throughout the study show a spike in levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT). ALT levels rose quickly -- typically within a week -- after the students started the fast-food diet"
• Liver damage 'could be reversed' - BBC News, 12/27/07
• Association between serum TSH, free T4 and serum liver enzyme activities in a large cohort of unselected outpatients - Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Oct 17 - "GGT and ALT concentrations increased steadily across the increasing TSH categories (P < 0.0001 for trends), ranging from mean values of 36 to 62 U/l for GGT and from 29 to 41 U/l for ALT, respectively. Similarly, there was a negative, graded, relationship between serum GGT and ALT concentrations and free T4 categories"
• Liver dysfunction in paediatric obesity: a randomized, controlled trial of metformin - Acta Paediatr. 2007 Sep;96(9):1326-32 - "In obese adolescents fed ad libitum, metformin (a) prevented the rise in ALT concentrations that were observed in placebo-treated subjects at the 3 to 5 month time-points (p < 0.05); (b) reduced (p < 0.01) the percentage of all ALT values exceeding 40 U/L; and (c) caused a modest (10%) but statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction in serum ALT in Caucasian subjects. Metformin had no effect on ALT levels or the ALT to AST ratio in the five African American adolescents enrolled in the study ... metformin might reduce the rates or severity of liver dysfunction in selected high-risk adolescents"
• Fatty Liver and the Metabolic Syndrome - Medscape, 3/1/07
• The association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in 20 obese children and adolescents - Acta Paediatr. 2007 Jan;96(1):109-12 - "The high prevalence of insulin resistance we found in children with NAFLD confirms the suggestion that there may be an association between insulin resistance and NAFLD in obese children"
• Elevated ALT Levels Predict Risk of Death From Liver Cancer - Medscape, 11/2/06 - "Upper limits of normal range from 30 IU/L to 60 IU/L, depending on the laboratory. "We want to reset it southward of 30 IU/L," ... ALT levels are a reflection of the general vascular condition ... If the level is above 30, then that person probably has a problem — fatty liver or some vascular disease, including occlusive coronary artery disease"
• Drug 'may reverse liver disease' - BBC News, 9/26/06
• Combating Fatigue Associated with Liver Disease - Doctor's Guide, 5/25/05
• New Ways To Ease Liver Disease - Science Daily, 3/21/05
• Chronic Liver Failure To Be Treated Using Stem Cell Therapy - Science Daily, 11/15/04
• Stem Cells Can Convert to Liver Tissue, Help Restore Damaged Organ - Doctor's Guide, 6/2/04
• Intra-Arterial Folinic Acid and 5-Flurouracil Effective in Locally Advanced Hepatocarcinoma - Doctor's Guide, 5/19/04
• Obesity Epidemic Invades the Liver - Doctor's Guide, 5/14/04
• Chronic Liver Disease Patients May Have Impaired Driving Skills - Doctor's Guide, 10/31/03
• High-Fat Diet May Protect Liver in Morbidly Obese Patients - Doctor's Guide, 10/30/03
• Liver Function Test Correlates with Histologic Stage and Clinical Status in Patients with Hepatitis C-Related Chronic Liver Disease - Doctor's Guide, 2/20/03
• Hepatitis E Vaccine Recommended For Patients With Chronic Liver Disease - Doctor's Guide, 8/5/02
• Living Liver Donors Report High Satisfaction - Doctor's Guide, 6/24/02
• Recombinant Human Factor VIIa Enables Coagulation in Patients with Advanced Liver Disease - Doctor's Guide, 5/23/02
• Elevated Liver Enzymes in Obese Children - Doctor's Guide, 5/21/02 - "Childhood obesity may set the stage for liver damage, with elevated liver enzymes a warning sign ... Of the 90 percent of obese children who did not show elevated enzymes, "all probably had fatty liver" and were at risk for liver damage"
• Pulsatility Index May Help Predict Outcome in Liver Disease Patients - Doctor's Guide, 4/17/02
• New Diabetes Drugs Still Pose Liver Risks - WebMD, 3/19/02
• Steroid Withdrawal Accelerates Bone Mass Recovery After Successful Liver Transplantation - Doctor's Guide, 3/12/02
• Doctors Aware of Acetaminophen-Related Liver Risk, Must Educate Public - Doctor's Guide, 6/18/01
• FDA Probes New Acetaminophen Worry - Intelihealth, 3/27/01 - "There are warnings not to take it if you consume more than three alcoholic drinks ... acetaminophen overdoses could be a bigger cause of liver failure than some prescription drugs recently banned for liver poisoning, such as the diabetes medicine Rezulin ... He tracked more than 300 acute liver failure cases at 22 hospitals and linked 38 percent to acetaminophen ... In a second database tracking 307 adults suffering severe liver injury - not full-fledged failure - at six hospitals, Lee linked acetaminophen to 35 percent of cases ... initial symptoms are flu-like and doctors may not promptly test for acetaminophen's hallmark sky-high liver enzymes"
• Scanty Truncal Hair Distribution Occurs in Patients With Alcoholic Liver Disease - Doctor's Guide, 10/18/00
• Women More Likely To Develop Alcohol-Related Liver Disease - Doctor's Guide, 12/9/97
• CFC Alternative Causes Liver Disease - Doctor's Guide, 8/22/97