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Home > Health
Conditions > Kidney Stones
Kidney Stones
Specific Recommendations:
Alternative News:
-
Low Calcium, Potassium Key
Risk Factors for Kidney Stones - Medscape, 8/1/22 -
"A higher calcium diet is associated with a higher urinary pH, and citrate
confers an alkali load which helps protect against the formation of calcium
oxalate stones. Foods that are high in potassium also contain more fluid,
citrate, and phytate, which, again, have been reported to be protective against
kidney stones" - See potassium citrate at Amazon.com.
-
Over-the-counter alkali
agents to raise urine pH and citrate excretion: a prospective crossover study in
healthy adults - Urology 2022 Jul 14 - "In healthy participants without a
history of kidney stones, LithoLyte® and KSPtabsTM are effective
over-the-counter alkali supplements, with a similar side effect profile to
prescription potassium citrate" - See
LithoLyte® at Amazon.com and KSPtabsTM at
Amazon.com. Related Study:
-
Potassium Citrate is Better in Reducing Salt and Increasing
Urine pH than Oral Intake of Lemonade: A Cross-Over Study
- Med Sci Monit. 2018 - "Potassium
citrate supplementation improves pH of urine, decreases
urine sodium level, and increases the risk of gastric
discomfort and oropharyngeal discomfort. Potassium citrate
binds with sodium in urine and decreases sodium level in
urine, increases pH of urine, and ultimately reduces stone
formation" - See
potassium citrate at Amazon.com.
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Could a Type 2 Diabetes
Drug Tackle Kidney Stones? - Medscape, 6/20/22 -
"Patients with type 2 diabetes who received empagliflozin, a sodium glucose
cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, were almost 40% less likely to have a kidney
stone than patients who received placebo during a median 1.5 years of treatment
... Because SGLT2 inhibitors increase urinary glucose excretion through reduced
renal reabsorption of glucose leading to osmotic diuresis and increased urinary
flow, they hypothesized that these therapies "may reduce the risk of upper
urinary tract stones (nephrolithiasis) by reducing the concentration of
lithogenic substances in urine." - See
empagliflozin inhousepharmacy.vu.
-
Lactiplantibacillus
plantarum J-15 reduced calcium oxalate kidney stones by regulating intestinal
microbiota, metabolism, and inflammation in rats - FASEB J 2022 Jun -
"The
prevention role of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum against the formation of kidney
stones has been increasingly recognized; its mechanism, however, has mainly been
focused on inhibiting the inflammation in the colon in the gastrointestinal (GI)
system, and the intestinal metabolites from microflora have not been revealed
fully with regarding to the stone formation ... L. plantarum J-15 effectively
reduced renal crystallization and urinary oxalic acid. Ten microbial genera,
including anti-inflammatory and SCFAs-related Faecalibaculum, were enriched in
the J-15 treatment group. There are 136 metabolites from 11 categories
significantly different in the J-15 supplementation group compared with CaOx
model rats, most of which were enriched in the amino acid metabolic and
secondary bile acid pathways. The expression of intestinal tight junction
protein Occludin and the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines and
prostaglandin were decreased in the intestine, which further reduced the
translocated lipopolysaccharide and inflammation levels in the blood upon J-15
treatment. Thus, the inflammation and injury in the kidney might be alleviated
by downregulating TLR4/NF-κB/COX-2 signaling pathway. It suggested that L.
plantarum J-15 might reduce kidney stone formation by restoring intestinal
microflora and metabolic disorder, protecting intestinal barrier function, and
alleviating inflammation. This finding provides new insights into the therapies
for renal stones" - See
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum at Amazon.com.
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Rutin-loaded polymeric
nanorods alleviate nephrolithiasis by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative
stress in vivo and in vitro - Food Funct 2022 Mar 21 -
"Rutin nanorods resulted in significant protection in
serum and urinary biochemistry with reduced calcifications and increased tissue
viability of kidneys without any toxicity and achieved high bioavailability. Our
data provide a facile strategy for the use of rutin nanorods as a targeted drug
system to treat and prevent renal stone formations" - See
rutin at Amazon.com.
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Empagliflozin and decreased
risk of nephrolithiasis: A potential new role for SGLT2 inhibition? - J Clin
Endocrinol Metab 2022 Mar 15 - "Diabetes mellitus is a
risk factor for nephrolithiasis. A recent observational study found that SGLT2
inhibitor use by type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients was associated with a 49% lower
risk of nephrolithiasis, compared to GLP-1 receptor agonist ... Compared to
placebo, empagliflozin therapy was associated with an approximate 40% reduced
risk of urinary tract stone events in T2D patients" - See
empagliflozin inhousepharmacy.vu.
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Coffee and Caffeine
Consumption and Risk of Kidney Stones: A Mendelian Randomization Study - Am
J Kidney Dis 2021 Oct 19 - "The combined odds ratio of
kidney stones was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.46-0.79; P < 0.001) per a genetically
predicted 50% increase in coffee consumption and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.69-0.94; P =
0.005) per a genetically predicted 80-mg increase in caffeine consumption"
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More Good News: Coffee
Prevents Kidney Stones - Am J Kidney Dis 2021 Oct 19 - But it doesn't
have the abstract.
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What Foods Should I Avoid to Prevent Kidney Stones? - NYT, 9/14/18 -
"More than 90 percent of stones contain calcium, usually in the form of calcium
oxalate, calcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite. Less often, stones are formed of
uric acid or other chemicals. Different types of stones can also occur in the
same person ... Since most stones contain calcium, doctors historically advised
patients to limit the amount of calcium in their diets. It was a logical
recommendation, but it was wrong ... In the early 1990s, a group of Harvard
doctors followed for four years more than 45,000 men who had never had a kidney
stone and came to a surprising conclusion: Diets that are high in calcium
actually decrease the risk of kidney stones"
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Calcium
supplements may increase the risk of kidney stone recurrence - Science
Daily, 10/14/15 - "Patients who took calcium supplements
had lower total calcium and oxalate (which are components of kidney stones) in
their urine while blood levels were unaffected. However, these patients also had
a faster rate of kidney stone growth suggesting that the mechanism of calcium
supplementation on stone formation may not be straightforward. Vitamin D
supplementation also decreased urinary calcium excretion as well as stone
growth, suggesting that it may help prevent the risk of stone formation"
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Caffeine
intake and the risk of kidney stones - Am J Clin Nutr. 2014
Dec;100(6):1596-1603 - "3 large prospective cohorts ...
Caffeine intake is independently associated with a lower risk of incident kidney
stones"
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High-Protein Diets, Like the Popular Dr. Dukan Diet, Increase the Risk of
Developing Kidney Disease in Rats, Study Suggests - Science Daily, 1/21/14 -
"researchers studied 20 Wistar rats, divided into two
groups of 10. The first group were fed a high-protein diet of commercial
hydrolysed protein supplements with a 45% protein level. The control group were
fed a normal protein diet. The experiment lasted 12 weeks, which is the
equivalent of 9 years in human terms ... the rats on a high-protein diet lost up
to 10% of their body weight over the 12 weeks with no improvement in their
plasma lipid profile. Moreover, urinary citrate in these rats was 88% lower and
urinary pH was 15% more acidic. In the animals fed a high-protein diet, kidney
weight increased by 22%, glomerular area -- the network of capillaries that
filter blood in the kidneys -- by 13%, and the mesangium -- a collagen structure
surrounded by these capillaries -- by 32% ... Eating large amounts of fruit and
vegetables reduces the risk of kidney stones forming -- probably due to their
high potassium and magnesium content, which compensates for the acidity of the
high-protein diet"
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Vitamin
D does not contribute to kidney stones - Science Daily, 10/17/13 -
"a study of 2,012 participants -- published in the
American Journal of Public Health -found no statistically relevant association
between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH)D) serum level in the range of 20 to 100
ng/mL and the incidence of kidney stones"
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Omega-3
Fatty Acids Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Management of
Hypercalciuric Stone Formers - Urology. 2011 Oct 13 -
"All patients received empiric dietary
recommendations for intake of fluids, sodium, protein, and citric juices. All
subjects with hypercalciuria (urinary calcium >250 mg/d for males or >200 mg/d
for females) on at least two 24-hour urine collections were counseled to
supplement their diet with fish oil (1200 mg/d) ... Twenty-nine patients were
followed for 9.86 +/- 8.96 months. The mean age was 43.38 +/- 13.78 years.
Urinary calcium levels decreased in 52% of patients, with 24% converting to
normocalciuria. The average urinary calcium (mg/d) decreased significantly from
baseline (329.27 +/- 96.23 to 247.47 +/- 84.53, P <.0001). Urinary oxalate
excretion decreased in 34% of patients. The average urinary oxalate (mg/d)
decreased significantly from baseline (45.40 +/- 9.90 to 32.9 +/- 8.21, P =
.0004). Urinary citrate (mg/d) increased in 62% of subjects from baseline
(731.67 +/- 279.09 to 940.22 +/- 437.54, P = .0005). Calcium oxalate
supersaturation decreased in 38% of the subjects significantly from baseline
(9.73 +/- 4.48 to 3.68 +/- 1.76, P = .001)" - See
Mega Twin EPA at Amazon.com
and
Jarrow Max DHA at Amazon.com.
-
Fish Oil May Reduce the Risk of Kidney Stones - Medscape, 2/3/11 -
"Five days of supplementation with EPA and DHA
didn't alter urinary oxalate excretion. But after 30 days of supplements,
urinary oxalate excretion dropped from 0.277 to 0.238 mmol/24 hours ...
Similarly, after 5 days there was no change in relative supersaturation of
calcium oxalate (RS CaOx), a proxy for the risk of calcium oxalate stone
formation. But after 30 days, RS CaOx decreased by 23%" - See
Mega Twin EPA at Amazon.com
and
Jarrow Max DHA at Amazon.com.
-
Effect
of n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Urinary Risk Factors for Calcium
Oxalate Stone Formation - J Urol. 2010 Dec 18 -
"evaluated the physiological effects of supplementation with
eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on urinary risk factors for
calcium oxalate stone formation under standardized conditions ... After
short-term supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic
acid in phase 1 we noted no changes in urinary parameters compared to the
control phase. After 30-day supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid and
docosahexaenoic acid in phase 3 relative supersaturation with calcium
oxalate decreased significantly by 23% from a mean +/- SD of 2.01 +/- 1.26
to 1.55 +/- 0.84 due to significantly decreased urinary oxalate excretion (p
= 0.023) ... Calcium oxalate stone formers may benefit from long-term n-3
fatty acid supplementation"
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Healthy diet rocks when it comes to fighting kidney stones - Science
Daily, 9/16/10
-
Green Tea May Prevent Kidney Stones - WebMD, 11/20/09 -
"The results showed that as the amount of green tea
extract applied increased, the calcium oxalate crystals became flatter and
flatter ... Researchers say flatter crystals form less stable kidney stones
that break up more easily" - See
green tea extract at Amazon.com.
-
An Apple A Day Keeps Kidney Stones Away: More Fruits And Veggies, Less Salt
Prevents Stones From Forming - Science Daily, 8/13/09
-
Probiotic hope for kidney stones - BBC News, 3/9/08 -
"People naturally carrying the bacterium Oxalobacter
formigenes were found to be 70% less likely to have problems"
-
Orange Juice
Fights Kidney Stones - WebMD, 9/7/06 -
"a daily glass of orange juice may help prevent
recurrent kidney stones better than other citrus juices like lemonade"
-
Orange Juice Is Better Than Lemonade At Keeping Kidney Stones Away -
Science Daily, 9/1/06
-
Lemonade, Potassium Citrate Effective in Reducing Kidney Stone Risk -
Doctor's Guide, 5/26/06
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Lemonade Offers Sweet Relief From Kidney Stones - Intelihealth, 5/25/06
- Weight Gain,
Obesity Linked to Kidney Stones - WebMD, 1/25/05
- UT
Southwestern Researchers Find Calcium Intake Contributing Factor In
Formation Of Kidney Stones - Science Daily, 1/19/05 -
"Individuals with either calcium oxalate or calcium
phosphate kidney stones should not take extra calcium on their own as
suggested by previous research, but should check with their doctors to
determine the dietary guidelines that work best for them"
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Calcium Intake Contributing Factor In Formation Of Kidney Stones -
Doctor's Guide, 12/29/04 -
"urinary calcium - the amount of calcium in a
person's urine - is an important contributing factor in the formation of
both types of kidney stones. Earlier studies had downplayed the significance
of calcium when compared to the levels of oxalate in urine, and even
encouraged kidney stone patients to increase their dietary intake of
calcium"
- Higher Calcium Intake
May Decrease Risk of Kidney Stones in Younger Women - Medscape, 4/27/04
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Calcium-rich foods cut kidney stone risk - Nutra USA, 4/27/04
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Calcium OK For Kidney Stones - Natural Food Merchandiser, 10/02
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Low-Protein, Low-Salt Diet Protects Against Recurrent Kidney Stones -
Intelihealth, 1/17/02
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Diet Could Prevent Kidney Stones - Intelihealth, 1/10/02
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Kidney Stone Diets Compared - Doctor's Guide, 1/10/02
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New study shows soy products may be harmful to some - Healthscout,
9/26/01 -
"New research shows soy-based products could
increase the risk of developing this painful urinary tract condition [kidney
stones] ... The culprit is oxalate, a compound in plants that recently was
discovered to be abundant in the soybean ... patients with calcium oxalate
kidney stones limit oxalate levels to no more than 10 milligrams per serving
... Other high-oxalate foods include legumes like refried beans, lentils and
peanuts, each containing between 100 and 200 milligrams of oxalate per
serving ... For most folks oxalate, which has no nutritive value of its own,
is not a problem"
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Cranberry Ups Kidney Stone Risk - Nutrition Science News, 6/01 -
"Cranberry contains oxalate, a component of calcium
oxalate. The average oxalate concentration in participants' urine increased
by 43 percent. When urine becomes so saturated with calcium oxalate, it
precipitates as kidney stones"
-
Saw Palmetto: Effective BPH Symptom Relief - Nutrition Science News,
9/00 -
"They also used the herb to flush kidney stones"
-
The Lore of the Roses - Nutrition Science News, 6/00 -
"A rose hips tea (Rosa canina) showed some benefit
against kidney stones in a rat study conducted in Spain"
-
Which supplements do you recommend for treating kidney stones? -
Nutrition Science News, 12/99 -
"happens when a person has too much oxalate in his
system, not enough water to keep oxalate in solution, or both ... drink lots
of water. After that, the most important nutritional therapies are magnesium
and vitamin B6. Although it has long been suggested that cutting down on
calcium-containing foods prevents kidney stones, research suggests calcium
intake isn't the problem, but an imbalance of calcium and magnesium is ...
400-600 mg daily of a well-absorbed magnesium supplement ... 25-50 mg in a
quality B-complex vitamin"
-
Ease Gout Pain - Nutrition Science News, 7/99 -
"The more diluted the urine, the less risk there is
for developing kidney stones ... Increased uric acid levels can also
increase the risk of kidney stones"
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Intake of vitamins B6 and C and the risk of kidney stones in women - J
Am Soc Nephrol 1999 Apr;10(4):840-5 -
"Large doses of vitamin B6 may reduce the risk of
kidney stone formation in women. Routine restriction of vitamin C to prevent
stone formation appears unwarranted"
-
No contribution of ascorbic acid to renal calcium oxalate stones - Ann
Nutr Metab 1997;41(5):269-82 -
"those groups in the highest quintile of vitamin C
intake (> 1,500 mg/day) had a lower risk of kidney stones than the groups in
the lowest quintiles"
- Calcium From Milk May
Reduce Risk of Kidney Stones in Women - Doctor's Guide, 4/11/97 -
"the researchers suggest that it may be linked to a
reduction in the absorption of oxalate (calcium oxalate stones are the most
common) that occurs when calcium is consumed as part of a food,
hypothesizing that calcium consumed without food may not have the same
effect"
-
A prospective study of the intake of vitamins C and B6, and the risk of
kidney stones in men - J Urol 1996 Jun;155(6):1847-51 -
"These data do not support an association between a
high daily intake of vitamin C or vitamin B6 and the risk of stone
formation, even when consumed in large doses"
Other News:
-
Efficacy of Adjuvant
Tamsulosin for Improving the Stone-Free Rate after Extracorporeal Shock Wave
Lithotripsy in Renal Stones: A Randomized Controlled Trial - Int J Clin
Pract 2022 Jan 31 - "Our findings suggest that
tamsulosin as adjuvant treatment after a single ESWL session is well tolerated
and safe, but it does not increase the stone-free rate in patients with a single
radiopaque renal stone of 5-20 mm in diameter. Our results may support the use
of tamsulosin with ESWL in the case of patients with a single radiopaque renal
stone of 11-20 mm in diameter based on an apparent higher stone-free rate and a
low rate of complications."
-
Oral Antibiotics May
Increase Risk for Kidney Stones - Medscape, 3/10/18 -
"Looking at 12 classes of antibiotics, the investigators
found an association between nephrolithiasis risk and five types taken 3 to 12
months before the index kidney stone date. The excess relative risk ranged from
27% for broad-spectrum penicillins to 133% for sulfa drugs"
-
Effect of
tamsulosin on stone expulsion in proximal ureteral calculi: an open-label
randomized controlled trial - Int J Clin Pract. 2013 Dec 22 -
"Tamsulosin was associated with significantly higher
stone expulsion rate and shorter expulsion time in proximal UC ≤ 6 mm
compared with conservative managements only" - Note: Tamsulosin is an
alpha-blocker under the brand name is Flomax.
-
Sugar-sweetened beverages associated with increased kidney stone risk -
Science Daily, 5/15/13 - "Twenty percent of American
males and 10 percent of American females will experience a kidney stone at
some point in their lifetime ... They found that participants who consumed
one or more sugar-sweetened cola servings per day had a 23 percent higher
risk of developing kidney stones compared with those participants consuming
less than one serving per week. This was true for consuming sugar-sweetened
non cola as well, such as punch. They also found that some beverages, such
as coffee, tea and orange juice, were associated with a lower risk of stone
formation"
-
Iced
tea can contribute to painful kidney stones - Science Daily, 8/2/12
-
Kidney stone mystery solved: Why some people are more prone to develop
kidney stones - Science Daily, 4/18/12
-
Estrogen therapy may be associated with kidney stones in postmenopausal
women - Science Daily, 10/11/10
-
Obesity -- mild or severe -- raises kidney stone risk - Science Daily,
2/17/10
-
Tamsulosin Speeds Stone
Clearance After Lithotripsy - Medscape, 12/23/08
-
People Who Develop Kidney Stones Are At Increased Risk For Chronic Kidney
Disease - Science Daily, 11/17/08
-
Scientists Predict More Kidney Stones as U.S. Climate Changes - Science
Daily, 7/14/08
-
Shock Wave Therapy For Kidney Stones Linked To Increased Risk Of Diabetes,
Hypertension - Science Daily, 4/10/06
-
Diabetes From Kidney Stone Blaster?
- WebMD, 4/10/06
-
Prescription for kidney stone: Let nature take its course - USA Today,
2/20/06
-
Encouraging Weight Control May Reduce Kidney Stones - Physician's
Weekly, 3/21/05
- Obesity and Weight
Gain May Increase the Risk of Kidney Stones - Medscape, 1/26/05
-
Excess Body Weight Linked to Formation of Uric Acid Kidney Stones -
Doctor's Guide, 3/22/04
-
Medical and Dietary Therapy Strongly Recommended to Prevent Kidney Stones in
Obese Patients - Doctor's Guide, 4/29/03
-
Diet Changes May Reduce Risk Of Kidney Stones - Doctor's Guide, 10/4/02
-
Low-Carbohydrate, High-Protein Diets Increase Risk Of Kidney Stones And May
Raise Bone Loss Risk - Doctor's Guide, 8/1/02 -
"acid excretion - a marker for the acid load in the
blood - increased as much as 90 percent while subjects were on
diets that severely restricted
carbohydrates. Levels of urinary citrate, which inhibits kidney stones,
fell by almost 25 percent in the group during the six-week study ... People
may lose weight on this diet, but this study shows that this is not a
healthy way to lose weight ... there was an increased risk of developing
kidney stones and a possible increase in the risk of
bone loss"
-
Kidney Stone Disease Linked To Familial Hypertension - Doctor's Guide,
2/18/02
- Prone to Kidney
Stones? Watch What You Eat - WebMD, 7/20/01
- Unexplained Kidney Stones
May Suggest Renal Tuberculosis - Doctor's Guide, 3/4/01
- Mechanical percussion
shows promise for post-lithotripsy kidney stone fragments - Doctor's
Guide, 3/4/00 -
"Following shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), tiny
fragments can remain in the bottom portion of the kidney. Often, these sandy
particles will pass out of the kidney, but sometimes they do not. When the
particles remain, they can cause infection, kidney pain, or they can enlarge
over time to cause kidney stones ... After MPI, nearly 50 percent of the
patients were stone free, and the stone burden decreased by about 70 percent
in the remainder of the patients"
- Missing Intestinal
Bacterium Linked To Kidney Stones In CF Patients - Doctor's Guide,
9/25/98 -
"The study is one of the first to directly link an
absence of the organism, known as Oxalobacter formigenes, to the formation
of the painful crystals ... O. formigenes appears to break down calcium
oxalate before it can form crystals that evolve into kidney stones ... Peck
and colleagues suspect prolonged antibiotic use and other high-dose drug
regimens may preclude natural colonisation with the organism, or may
irreversibly destroy the colonies"
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