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Breakfast
News & Research:
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Breakfast really doesn’t have much to do with controlling your weight -
Washington Post, 11/20/21 - "Sorting this out requires
randomized trials, the kind of studies that can show cause and effect. And in
such research, which randomly assigns participants to either eat or skip the
morning meal, breakfast tends to come up short ... Pooling results from seven
trials — a type of study known as a meta-analysis — in 2019, Australian
researchers found that participants assigned to eat breakfast did not lose more
weight. Nor did they consume fewer calories. Breakfast eaters on average took in
260 more calories per day than breakfast skippers ... A separate meta-analysis
in 2020 by Harvard researchers concluded that people who skipped breakfast lost
slightly more weight than those who ate breakfast ... “Still, the evidence is
not strong enough to recommend eating or skipping breakfast,” says Marta
Guasch-Ferré, senior author of the Harvard study."
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People
who eat a big breakfast may burn twice as many calories - Science Daily,
2/19/20 - "diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) ... The
researchers conducted a three-day laboratory study of 16 men who consumed a
low-calorie breakfast and high-calorie dinner,
and vice versa in a second round. They found identical calorie consumption led
to 2.5 times higher DIT in the morning than in the evening after high-calorie
and low-calorie meals. The food-induced increase of blood sugar and insulin
concentrations was diminished after breakfast compared with dinner. The results
also show eating a low-calorie breakfast increased appetite, specifically for
sweets ... "We recommend that patients with obesity as well as healthy people
eat a large breakfast rather than a large dinner to reduce body weight and
prevent metabolic diseases," Richter said" - Note: I'm not
buying it. I tried it numerous times and it packed on the pounds. I'm sticking
with the 16 hours of fasting. A high-calorie breakfast and making up for it with
low calorie at night leaves you with hunger pains at 2 AM and hence insomnia and
that lack of sleep is even worse for your health. I swim for 80 minutes per day.
Maybe that doesn't happen to normal people. I remember in the old days reading a
story about marathoner Frank Shorter getting up in the middle of the night and
eating mayonnaise because he was so hungry. Also, see two minutes into
this video about fasting: Michio
Kaku: How to Reverse Aging | Big Think
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Eating After You Exercise May Provide Added Fat-Burning Benefits - NYT,
11/27/19 - "The riders who had pedaled on an empty
stomach, however, had incinerated about twice as much fat during each ride as
the men who consumed the shake first. The riders all had burned about the same
number of calories while pedaling, but more of those calories came from fat when
the men did not eat first ... Those riders also showed greater improvements in
insulin sensitivity at the end of the study and had developed higher levels of
certain proteins in their muscles that influence how well muscle cells respond
to insulin and use blood sugar ... On the whole, these findings suggest that
“you can probably get more out of your workout without increasing its intensity
or duration by exercising before breakfast"
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Increase health benefits of exercise by working out before breakfast -
Science Daily, 10/18-19 - "people who performed exercise
before breakfast burned double the amount of fat than the group who exercised
after breakfast ... They found that increased fat use is mainly due to lower
insulin levels during exercise when people have fasted overnight, which means
that they can use more of the fat from their fat tissue and the fat within their
muscles as a fuel ... Whilst this did not lead to any differences for weight
loss over six weeks, it did have 'profound and positive' effects on their health
because their bodies were better able to respond to insulin, keeping blood sugar
levels under control and potentially lowering the risk of diabetes and heart
disease"
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A Possible Weight Loss Strategy: Skip Breakfast Before Exercise - NYT,
5/22/19 - "If we skip eating in the morning, we have no
calories from a meal available for fuel during exercise and instead will rely on
— and reduce — our internal carbohydrate stores, along with some of our fat ...
Some researchers have speculated that we might then wind up overcompensating
later, eating more calories than we burned during the workout and undermining
our efforts to maintain or lose weight ... But that possibility had not been
investigated ... It was when they had skipped breakfast before exercise that
their eating became most interesting. Having presumably depleted most of their
bodies’ stored carbohydrates during the cycling that day, the men seemed
ravenous at lunch, consuming substantially more calories than during either of
their other lab visits ... But afterward their eating tailed off and at the end
of the day, they maintained an energy deficit of nearly 400 calories, meaning
they had replenished few of the calories they had burned while riding ... They
suggest that working out on an empty stomach in the morning may not prompt us to
overeat later and might, instead, lead to calorie deficits."
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Is Breakfast
Really Good For You? Here’s What the Science Says - Time, 1/10/19 -
"A new research review published in The BMJ only adds to
the debate: It analyzed 13 breakfast studies and found that eating a morning
meal was not a reliable way to lose weight, and that skipping breakfast likely
does not lead to weight gain."
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Eating
breakfast burns more carbs during exercise and accelerates metabolism for next
meal - Science Daily, 8/15/18 - "compared to
skipping breakfast, eating breakfast before exercise increases the speed at
which we digest, absorb and metabolise carbohydrate that we may eat after
exercise ... breakfast before exercise increases carbohydrate burning during
exercise, and that this carbohydrate wasn't just coming from the breakfast that
was just eaten, but also from carbohydrate stored in our muscles as glycogen.
This increase in the use of muscle glycogen may explain why there was more rapid
clearance of blood sugar after 'lunch' when breakfast had been consumed before
exercise ... As this study only assessed the short-term responses to breakfast
and exercise, the longer-term implications of this work are unclear, and we have
ongoing studies looking at whether eating breakfast before or after exercise on
a regular basis influences health"
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High-energy breakfast promotes weight loss - Science Daily, 3/18/18 -
"The patients were randomly assigned to consume one of
two different weight-loss diets, which contained an equal number of daily
calories, for three months. One group (Bdiet) ate three meals: a large
breakfast, a medium-sized lunch and a small dinner. The second group (6Mdiet)
ate the traditional diet for diabetes and weight loss: six small meals evenly
spaced throughout the day, including three snacks ... At three months, while the
Bdiet group lost 5 kilograms (11 pounds) the 6Mdiet group gained 1.4 kg (3 lb)
... Fasting glucose levels decreased 54 mg/dl (from 161 to 107) in the Bdiet
group but only 23 mg/dl (from 164 to 141) in the 6Mdiet group. Overall mean
glucose levels dropped in the first 14 days by 29 mg/dl (from 167 to 138 mg/dl)
and 38 mg/dl (from 167 to 129 mg/dl) after three months in the Bdiet group.
Overall mean glucose levels dropped only 9 mg/dl (from 171 to 162 mg/dl) in the
first 14 days and only 17 mg/dl (from 171 to 154 mg/dl) in the 6Mdiet group"
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The Surprising Secrets to Living Longer — And Better - Time, 2/19/18 -
“It
really is an issue of moderation,” says Peter Martin, a professor of human
development and family studies at Iowa State University, who runs an ongoing
study of centenarians. Martin notes that while most centenarians eat different
but generally healthy diets, one consistent thing he has picked up from work
with his 100-plus crowd is breakfast. “They rarely skip breakfast,” he says.
“It’s often at a very specific time, and the routine is important.”
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Skipping breakfast associated with hardening of the arteries - Science
Daily, 10/2/17 - "Three groups were identified -- those
consuming less than five percent of their total energy intake in the morning
(skipped breakfast and only had coffee, juice or other non-alcoholic beverages);
those consuming more than 20 percent of their total energy intake in the morning
(breakfast consumers); and those consuming between five and 20 percent
(low-energy breakfast consumers). Of the 4,052 participants, 2.9 percent skipped
breakfast, 69.4 percent were low-energy breakfast consumers and 27.7 percent
were breakfast consumers ... Participants who skipped breakfast had the greatest
waist circumference, body mass index, blood pressure, blood lipids and fasting
glucose levels ... Participants who skipped breakfast were more likely to have
an overall unhealthy lifestyle, including poor overall diet, frequent alcohol
consumption and smoking. They were also more likely to be hypertensive and
overweight or obese. In the case of obesity, the study authors said reverse
causation cannot be ruled out, and the observed results may be explained by
obese patients skipping breakfast to lose weight"
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The Best Thing to Eat Before a Workout? Maybe Nothing at All - NYT, 4/26/17
- "these efforts obviously have focused on sports
performance. Far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might
affect general health ... The implication of these results is that to gain the
greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first ...
our ancestors would have had to expend a great deal of energy through physical
activity in order to hunt and gather food. So, it would be perfectly normal for
the exercise to come first, and the food to follow"
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Association
of breakfast consumption with body mass index and prevalence of
overweight/obesity in a nationally-representative survey of Canadian adults
- Nutr J. 2016 Mar 31;15(1):33 - "Among Canadian adults,
breakfast consumption was not consistently associated with differences in BMI or
overweight/obesity prevalence"
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Ask Well: Does Skipping Breakfast Cause Weight Gain? - NYT, 3/11/16 -
"The food industry has promoted this claim for decades
to sell breakfast cereal. But rigorous scientific studies have found no evidence
that it’s true"
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Is Your Breakfast Hurting Your Weight? - U.S. News, 10/16/13 -
"Boiled down, it would seem that traditional breakfast
foods are some variant of highly refined white flour, which in turn is quite
regularly spiked with sugar"
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Big Breakfast May Be Best for Diabetes Patients - WebMD, 9/26/13 -
"randomly assigned 59 people with type 2 diabetes to
either a big or small breakfast group ... after 13 weeks, blood sugar levels and
blood pressure dropped dramatically in people who ate a big breakfast every day.
Those who ate a big breakfast enjoyed blood sugar level reductions three times
greater than those who ate a small breakfast, and blood pressure reductions that
were four times greater ... About one-third of the people eating a big breakfast
ended up cutting back on the daily diabetic medication they needed to take. By
comparison, about 17 percent of the small breakfast group had to increase their
medication prescriptions during the course of the trial ... Rabinovitz
speculated that a big breakfast rich in protein causes suppression of ghrelin,
which is known as the "hunger hormone."
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Eating a
big breakfast fights obesity and disease - Science Daily, 8/5/13 -
"Metabolism is impacted by the body's circadian rhythm
-- the biological process that the body follows over a 24 hour cycle. So the
time of day we eat can have a big impact on the way our bodies process food ...
93 obese women were randomly assigned to one of two isocaloric groups. Each
consumed a moderate-carbohydrate, moderate-fat diet totaling 1,400 calories
daily for a period of 12 weeks. The first group consumed 700 calories at
breakfast, 500 at lunch, and 200 at dinner. The second group ate a 200 calorie
breakfast, 500 calorie lunch, and 700 calorie dinner ... By the end of the
study, participants in the "big breakfast" group had lost an average of 17.8
pounds each and three inches off their waist line, compared to a 7.3 pound and
1.4 inch loss for participants in the "big dinner" group ... those in the big
breakfast group were found to have significantly lower levels of the
hunger-regulating hormone ghrelin"
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Skipping
Breakfast May Increase Coronary Heart Disease Risk - Science Daily, 7/22/12
- "Researchers analyzed food frequency questionnaire
data and tracked health outcomes for 16 years (1992-2008) on 26,902 male health
professionals ages 45-82. They found: ... Men who reported they skipped
breakfast had a 27 percent higher risk of heart attack or death from coronary
heart disease than those who reported they didn't ... Men who reported eating
late at night (eating after going to bed) had a 55 percent higher coronary heart
disease risk than those who didn't. But researchers were less convinced this was
a major public health concern because few men in the study reported this
behavior"
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Skipping Breakfast May Raise Diabetes Risk - WebMD, 6/18/13 -
"The new study included only nine women. Their average
age was 29, and all were overweight or obese ... measured their levels of
insulin and blood sugar on two different days after the women ate lunch. On one
day, they had eaten breakfast; on the other day, they had skipped it ... the
women's insulin and glucose levels after lunch were much higher on the day they
skipped breakfast than on the day they ate it ... There was a 28 percent
increase in the insulin response and a 12 percent increase in the glucose
response after skipping breakfast"
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Protein-rich breakfasts prevent unhealthy snacking in the evening, study finds
- Science Daily, 3/26/13 - "20 overweight or obese
adolescent females ages 18-20 either skipped breakfast, consumed a high-protein
breakfast consisting of eggs and lean beef, or ate a normal-protein breakfast of
ready-to-eat cereal. Every breakfast consisted of 350 calories and was matched
for dietary fat, fiber, sugar and energy density. The high-protein breakfast
contained 35 grams of protein ... The consumption of the high-protein breakfast
led to increased fullness or "satiety" along with reductions in brain activity
that is responsible for controlling food cravings. The high-protein breakfast
also reduced evening snacking on high-fat and high-sugar foods compared to when
breakfast was skipped or when a normal protein, ready-to-eat cereal breakfast
was consumed ...Study participants ate egg and beef-based foods such as burritos
or egg-based waffles with applesauce and a beef sausage patty as part of a
high-protein breakfast; Leidy also suggests eating plain Greek yogurt, cottage
cheese or ground pork loin as alternatives to reach the 35 grams of protein"
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Eat
Breakfast, Cut Diabetes and Obesity Risk - WebMD, 6/14/12 -
"Compared to people who ate breakfast three or fewer
times per week, they were: ... 34% less likely to develop type 2 diabetes ...
43% less likely to become obese ... 40% less likely to develop fat around the
tummy (abdominal obesity)"
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Breakfast Decreases Type 2
Diabetes Risk - Medscape, 6/9/12 - "an analysis of
the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, which is a
longitudinal study of 5115 black and white women between the ages of 18 and 30
years who were initially examined in 1985 through 1986. To date, participants
have been reexamined at year 2, year 5, year 7, year 10, year 15, and year 20
(2005 - 2006) ... For each additional day/week of breakfast intake, there was a
5% decrease in risk of developing T2D ... Compared with participants who ate
breakfast between 0 and 3 times per week, those who ate breakfast 5 times or
more had a 31% reduction in T2D risk (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.54 - 0.88). They also
gained less weight (0.5 kg/m2 less weight gain; P = .01) ... Those with higher
diet quality had lower incidences of T2D, but breakfast frequency was more
important, as it predicted T2D risk across diet quality score quartiles"
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Eggs at Breakfast May Delay Hunger - WebMD, 5/11/12 -
"researchers tracked 20 overweight or obese people,
giving them either a breakfast containing eggs or cold cereal for one week.
Although the breakfasts offered different protein foods, the meals themselves
were equally matched in terms of calories, carbohydrates, protein, and fat ...
people who had eggs in the morning felt fuller before lunch, and they also ate
less food from the buffet compared to those who had cereal. Egg eaters also had
lower levels of ghrelin and higher amounts of PYY3-36 during the three hours
between breakfast and lunch. This suggests they felt less hungry and more
satisfied between meals ... Long-term weight loss trials to compare the
manipulation of protein quality without increasing protein quantity should be
explored" - Note: I fully agree. I just seems very easy to keep my
weight in check when I have eggs for breakfast.
Abstracts:
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Skipping Breakfast Before
Exercise Creates a More Negative 24-hour Energy Balance: A Randomized Controlled
Trial in Healthy Physically Active Young Men - J Nutr. 2019 Apr 10 -
"overnight fasting before exercise (FE) ... The 24-h energy balance was -400
kcal (normalized 95% CI: -230, -571 kcal) for the FE trial; this was
significantly lower than both the BR trial (492 kcal; normalized 95% CI: 332,
652 kcal) and the BE trial (7 kcal; normalized 95% CI: -153, 177 kcal; both P <
0.01 compared with FE)"
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Breakfast Skipping Is
Associated with Increased Risk of Type 2 Diabetes among Adults: A Systematic
Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies - J Nutr. 2018 Nov 9
- "In total 6 studies, based on 96,175 participants and 4935 cases, were
included. The summary RR for type 2 diabetes comparing ever with never skipping
breakfast was 1.33 (95% CI: 1.22, 1.46, n = 6 studies) without adjustment for
BMI, and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.34, n = 4 studies) after adjustment for BMI.
Nonlinear dose-response meta-analysis indicated that risk of type 2 diabetes
increased with every additional day of breakfast skipping, but the curve reached
a plateau at 4-5 d/wk, showing an increased risk of 55% (summary RR: 1.55; 95%
CI: 1.41, 1.71). No further increase in risk of type 2 diabetes was observed
after 5 d of breakfast skipping/wk"
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The
combination of daily breakfast consumption and optimal breakfast choices in
childhood is an important public health message - Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014
Feb 11 - "Girls who have breakfast on a daily basis
had lower mean BMI and BMI z-score; they were also less likely of having
abnormal levels of serum triglycerides, atheromatic index (total cholesterol
to high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio) and diastolic blood pressure
after controlling for several confounding factors. Within regular breakfast
consumers, of both boys and girls, those having ready to eat cereals had a
superior nutrient intake profile"
- Belief beyond the
evidence: using the proposed effect of breakfast on obesity to show 2
practices that distort scientific evidence - Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Sep 4
- "research lacking probative value (RLPV) and
biased research reporting (BRR) ... proposed effect of breakfast on obesity
(PEBO) ... The belief in the PEBO exceeds the strength of scientific
evidence. The scientific record is distorted by RLPV and BRR. RLPV is a
suboptimal use of collective scientific resources" - Note: So maybe
eating breakfast doesn't help you lose weight.
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Prospective Study of Breakfast Eating and Incident Coronary Heart Disease in
a Cohort of Male US Health Professionals - Circulation. 2013 Jul
23;128(4):337-43 - "Eating habits, including
breakfast eating, were assessed in 1992 in 26 902 American men 45 to 82
years of age from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study who were free of
cardiovascular disease and cancer ... 16 years of follow-up ... Men who
skipped breakfast had a 27% higher risk of CHD compared with men who did not
(relative risk, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.53). Compared with men
who did not eat late at night, those who ate late at night had a 55% higher
CHD risk (relative risk, 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-2.29). These
associations were mediated by body mass index, hypertension,
hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus. No association was observed
between eating frequency (times per day) and risk of CHD"
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The
relationship of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumed with
overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity, other cardiometabolic risk factors and
the metabolic syndrome in young adults. The National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES): 1999-2006 - Public Health Nutr. 2012 Oct 3:1-10
- "metabolic syndrome (MetS) ... Three breakfast groups
were identified, breakfast skippers (BS), ready-to-eat-cereal (RTEC) consumers
and other breakfast (OB) consumers, using a 24 h dietary recall ... Relative to
the BS, the RTEC consumers were 31%, 39%, 37%, 28%, 23%, 40 % and 4 % less
likely to be overweight/obese or have abdominal obesity, elevated blood
pressure, elevated serum total cholesterol, elevated serum LDL-cholesterol,
reduced serum HDL-cholesterol or elevated serum insulin, respectively. Relative
to the OB consumers, the BS were 1.24, 1.26 and 1.44 times more likely to have
elevated serum total cholesterol, elevated serum LDL-cholesterol or reduced
serum HDL-cholesterol, respectively. Relative to the OB consumers, the RTEC
consumers were 22%, 31% and 24% less likely to be overweight/obese or have
abdominal obesity or elevated blood pressure, respectively. No difference was
seen in the prevalence of the MetS by breakfast skipping or type of breakfast
consumed"
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