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Brown Fat

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• Study of 50,000 people finds brown fat may protect against numerous chronic diseases - Science Daily, 1/4/21 - "the researchers reviewed 130,000 PET scans from more than 52,000 patients, and found the presence of brown fat in nearly 10 percent of individuals. (Cohen notes that this figure is likely an underestimate because the patients had been instructed to avoid cold exposure, exercise, and caffeine, all of which are thought to increase brown fat activity) ... Several common and chronic diseases were less prevalent among people with detectable brown fat. For example, only 4.6 percent had type 2 diabetes, compared with 9.5 percent of people who did not have detectable brown fat. Similarly, 18.9 percent had abnormal cholesterol, compared to 22.2 percent in those without brown fat ... Moreover, the study revealed three more conditions for which people with brown fat have lower risk: hypertension, congestive heart failure, and coronary artery disease -- links that had not been observed in previous studies."

Abstracts:

• Melatonin induces fat browning by transdifferentiation of white adipocytes and de novo differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells - Food Funct 2022 Mar 11 - "The role of melatonin in obesity control is extensively accepted, but its mechanism of action is still unclear. Previously we demonstrated that chronic oral melatonin acts as a brown-fat inducer, driving subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) into a brown-fat-like function (beige) in obese diabetic rats ... Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) ... melatonin increases brown fat in obese diabetic rats by both adipocyte transdifferentiation and de novo differentiation. Furthermore, it promotes beige MSC adipogenesis in humans. This may contribute to the control of body weight attributed to melatonin and its metabolic benefits in human diabesity" - See melatonin at Amazon.com.
• Rutin promotes white adipose tissue "browning" and brown adipose tissue activation partially through the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β/AMP-activated protein kinase pathway - Endocr J 2021 Oct 29 - "Promoting white adipose tissue (WAT) "browning" and brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation could contribute to increasing energy expenditure ... Male C57BL/6 mice (n = 6) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks with/out rutin. In HFD-fed mice, rutin treatment significantly inhibited weight gain, improved the metabolic profile of plasma samples, decreased the weights of epididymal WAT (eWAT), inguina WAT (iWAT), and liver, and adipocyte size. Furthermore, rutin also increased the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp-1) and other thermogenic markers in the WAT and BAT. In 3T3-L1 cells, rutin effectively reduced the formation of lipid droplets, stimulated the expression of thermogenic markers, and reduced the expression of adipogenic genes. Additionally, rutin markedly upregulated the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, and these effects were diminished by treatment with the AMPK inhibitor compound C (CC). Pretreatment with the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) inhibitor STO-609 blocked the induction of thermogenic markers in 3T3-L1 cells by rutin. Our results indicated that rutin increased energy consumption, induced WAT "browning" and BAT activation, and thus was a promising target for the development of new therapeutic approaches to improve adipose tissue energy metabolism" - See rutin at Amazon.com and rutin at iHerb.com.