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Estrogen/Progestin

Related Topics:

• HRT in general / Female Sexuality / hot flashes / PMS / menopause / contraception / osteoporosis
• Conjugated estrogens - Cenestin / Estrace / Ogen / Premarin
• Esterified estrogens - Menest
• Estrogen (estradiol) patches - Alora / Climara / Estraderm / Vivelle / Menostar
• Vaginal estrogen - Estring / Premarin
• Combination estrogen and methyltestosterone - Estratest
• Medroxyprogesterone - Cycrin / Provera
• Estrogen progestin tablets - Activella / Femhrt / Prempro
• Estrogen and progesterone patch - Combipatch
• Estrogen cream - Estrasorb
• Drospirenone and estradoil - Yasmin / Angeliq
• Transdermal - EstroGel® (estradiol gel) / Elestrin™/Bio-E-Gel® (estradiol gel)

Popular Supplements:

• red clover / isoflavones / wild yam / flaxseed oil / omega-3 / I3C / soy / DHEA

Alternative News:

• Taurine promotes estrogen synthesis by regulating microRNA-7a2 in mice ovarian granulosa cells - Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022 Aug 6 - "These results suggest that taurine promotes E2 synthesis through p38/miR-7a/Glg1/Cyp19a1 signaling pathway, which is crucial to understand the function and mechanism of taurine on estrogen synthesis" - See taurine at Amazon.com.
• Silymarin Improves Vascular Function of Aged Ovariectomized Rats - Phytother Res. 2013 Sep 30 - "Both aging and estrogen depletion lead to endothelial dysfunction, which is the main reason of many cardiovascular diseases ... silymarin (SM) ... In spite of the presence of estrogen antagonist, immediate SM treatment restored the endothelial function and vascular tone better than estrogen replacement. Additionally, as a complementary and alternative medicine, it does not cause estrogenic side effects when taken acutely" - See silymarin at Amazon.com.
• Resveratrol could prove HRT alternative, study - Nutra USA, 11/23/09 - "While genistein, resveratrol and glycitein all increased apoptosis and reduced the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, resveratrol reduced this ratio more than either genistein or glycitein ... Because it (resveratrol) stimulated the transcription of endogenous estrogen receptor (ER) and proapoptotic effects, this phytoestrogen is the most promising candidate as an HRT alternative and chemopreventive reagent for breast cancer ... The researchers added that their results indicated that daidzein causes a slight cell-stimulating effect in the absence of E2, which may lead to an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women taking supplements containing these phytoestrogens" - [Abstract] - See resveratrol products at Amazon.com.
• Effects of diverse dietary phytoestrogens on cell growth, cell cycle and apoptosis in estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer cells - J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Oct 2 - "While genistein, resveratrol and glycitein all increased apoptosis and reduced the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, resveratrol reduced this ratio more than either genistein or glycitein. Moreover, resveratrol significantly enhanced p53-dependent transcriptional activity, but slightly reduced NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activity. On knockdown analysis, genistein, resveratrol and glycitein all reduced the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the presence of apoptosis-inducing stimuli, and estrogen receptor (ER) alpha silencing had no effect on these reductions. In contrast, in the absence of apoptosis-inducing stimuli, only resveratrol reduced the ratio, and ERalpha silencing abolished this reduction. Thus, resveratrol might be the most promising candidate for HRT and chemoprevention of breast cancer due to its estrogenic activity and high antitumor activity" - See resveratrol products at Amazon.com.
• Curcumin delays development of medroxyprogesterone acetate-accelerated 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors - Menopause. 2009 Jul 22 - "Combined hormone therapy (HT) containing estrogen and progestin (medroxyprogesterone acetate [MPA]) leads to increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, compared with HT regimens containing estrogen alone or placebo ... Treatment with curcumin delayed the first appearance of MPA-accelerated tumors by 7 days, decreased tumor incidence by the end of the experiment, and reduced tumor multiplicity in DMBA-induced MPA-accelerated tumors. Curcumin also prevented many of the gross histological changes seen in the MPA-treated mammary gland. Immunohistochemical analyses of mammary tumors showed that curcumin decreased MPA-induced VEGF induction in hyperplastic lesions, although it did not affect the levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors" - See curcumin products at Amazon.com.
• Asian Spice Could Reduce Breast Cancer Risk In Women Exposed To Hormone Replacement Therapy - Science Daily, 7/13/09 - "curcumin, a popular Indian spice derived from the turmeric root, could reduce the cancer risk for women after exposure to hormone replacement therapy ... curcumin delayed the first appearance, decreased incidence and reduced multiplicity of progestin-accelerated tumors in an animal model. Curcumin also prevented the appearance of gross morphological abnormalities in the mammary glands" - See curcumin products at Amazon.com.
• A Different Side of Estrogen - Science News Online, 1/508 - "estrogen-like compounds called phytoestrogens are found in foods including soy and coffee. Some scientists have speculated that phytoestrogens played a key role in the lower incidence of prostate and breast cancers found for many years in Asian populations with soy-based diets"
• 'Natural' Menopause Hormones: Hype or Hope? - WebMD, 11/4/05
• Alternatives to Estrogen? - Dr. Weil, 7/12/05
• Natural Female Hormone Replacement - Life Extension Magazine, 4/05
• Sizing Up Alternatives to Hormones - Intelihealth, 3/30/05
• Safe Hormone Strategy? - Dr. Weil, 5/10/04
• Grape Seed Extract May Be A Useful Supplement To Blunt Hypertension In Postmenopausal Women - Intelihealth, 4/10/03 - "a diet moderately high in grape seed extract can blunt salt (sodium chloride)-sensitive hypertension to about the same extent as treatment with either plant estrogens or 17ß-estradiol. This suggests that mechanisms other than the estrogen receptor activation actually provides the beneficial effects of estrogen therapy and that grape seed extract may be a useful supplement to blunt hypertension and other cardiovascular symptoms in postmenopausal women" - See iHerb or Vitacost grape seed extract products.
• Red Clover May Tame Hot Flashes - WebMD, 8/16/02 - "Promensil is an isoflavone supplement produced from red clover and contains the same key isoflavones commonly found in soy foods. Isoflavones are plant compounds -- found commonly in soy -- that act like weak form of the female sex hormone estrogen ... Only red clover contains all four isoflavones that women need ... 30 women were given either 40 mg of Promensil or a placebo for 16 weeks. The group taking Promensil reported a 48% reduction in frequency of hot flashes, whereas the control group had an 11% decrease" - See iHerb and Vitacost Promensil products.
• Alternatives to HRT - Dr. Janson's Newsletter, 8/02
• Hormone Replacement: What Now for Women? - Dr. Weil, 7/18/02 - "You can protect against bone loss with weight bearing exercise and strength training, by making sure you get 1,500 mg of calcium plus 400 IU of vitamin D daily, by not smoking and minimizing your intake of caffeine, sodas, and excessive protein. If you’ve already lost bone, Evista (raloxifene) the first of a new generation of drugs -- selective estrogen receptor modifiers, or SERMs – seems to protect against bone loss while actually reducing the risk of breast cancer ... Many women get relief from hot flashes and other menopausal discomforts with black cohosh (Cimifiuga racemosa) plus 800 IUs of Vitamin E daily"
• Alternatives to HRT - WebMD, 7/10/02 - "A powerful class of drugs called statins reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood -- especially LDL, the so-called "bad" cholesterol. Statins have also been found to reduce stroke, may reduce osteoporosis, could be an adjunct treatment for cancer ... different proteins found in natural soy appear to interact with phytoestrogens -- plant estrogens -- to increase their cholesterol-lowering activity ... Limiting salt in the diet -- and walking 30 minutes a day -- can also lower blood pressure ... Fosamax and similar bisphosphonate medications are designed to prevent or treat osteoporosis ... Calcium and vitamin D supplements -- to the tune of 1,500 mg a day -- are recommended for older women and men ... 30 minutes of weight-bearing and strength-training exercise ... Soy seems to be an effective short-term treatment to quell hot flashes and night sweats ... Several studies published this year found evidence in favor of black cohosh, which is an herb and an ancient Native American remedy for hot flashes ... Antidepressants -- including Prozac and Effexor -- have been shown to cool hot flashes"
• Black Cohosh Controls Menopausal Symptoms - Medscape, 6/24/02 - "In double-blind fashion, the women received daily treatment for three months with commercially available black cohosh (Klimadynona or Menofema, 40 mg), conjugated estrogens (0.6 mg), or placebo ... Both black cohosh and estrogen reduced major climacteric complaints significantly more than did placebo (P<.05). Black cohosh improved blood lipid and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels. Although estrogen increased endometrial thickness, black cohosh did not"
• Serum Folate And Estradiol Levels Interact In Alzheimer's Disease - Doctor's Guide, 5/13/02 - "a high ratio of estradiol to total estrogens is linked with AD. At the same time, in women with a high ratio, the severity of dementia is lower in those with high serum folate levels ... If this association is causal, then supplementation with folic acid may have a role in future studies of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in Alzheimer's disease (AD)"
• Tofupill Phytoestrogen Preparation Relieves Menopausal Symptoms without Unwanted Estrogenic Effects - Doctor's Guide, 5/6/02
• Some Herbs Can Mimic Estrogen - WebMD, 4/10/02 - "Motherwort leaf, saw palmetto berry, Rhodiola rosea root, and red clover blossom interacted strongly with the rats' estrogen receptors, indicating that they have a strong estrogen-like effect in the body. Dang gui root, black and blue cohosh, vitex berry, hops flower, wild yam, and licorice root also showed some estrogen-like effects. Maca root, cramp bark, and turmeric root showed the weakest estrogen effect"
• Herb Fights Menopause Symptoms - WebMD, 3/28/02 - "New research suggests that a black cohosh extract, marketed as Remifemin, works differently from estrogen, which has been linked to an increase in breast cancer risk ... As many as 80% will experience menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, mood swings, night sweats, and bouts of insomnia ... These days, many different manufacturers market black cohosh supplements. But Remifemin is the only one that has been extensively studied"
• Estrogen's Two-Way Street - Nutrition Science News, 11/01 - "Studies show that when 2-hydroxylation increases, the body resists cancer, and that when 2-hydroxylation decreases, cancer risk increases ... Cell-culture studies and human clinical trials have shown that I3C at doses of 200­400 mg/day can influence estrogen metabolism and promote formation of 2-OH-estrone, and therefore may be useful in breast cancer prevention"
• Is Soy Better Than Estrogen for Heart Health After Menopause? - WebMD, 7/2/01 - "This research is interesting as it suggests soy can favorably affect cholesterol without adversely affecting blood clotting, which is a potential concern with estrogen replacement ... benefits were seen equally in men and women, [and] soy treatment did not affect male sexuality"
• Soy Does Not Activate Blood Clotting Mechanisms - Doctor's Guide, 6/22/01 - "We know that soy reduces cholesterol and blood pressure, so it appears to be a healthy intervention, and it does not appear to increase the risk of blood clotting, so it continues to be a safe dietary recommendation for patients"
• The Replacements - Nutrition Science News, 8/99
• Estrogen Therapy? Don't Worry - Life Extension Magazine, 10/99
• Extra Calcium Benefits Women On Hormone Replacement Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 1/15/98 - "women who consumed high levels of calcium in conjunction with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) had much greater increases in bone mass than those who used either estrogen or calcitonin alone"

Other News:

• HRT May Prevent Alzheimer's in High-Risk Women - Medscape, 1/17/23 - "Results from a cohort study of almost 1200 women showed that use of HRT was associated with higher delayed memory scores and larger entorhinal and hippocampal brain volumes ― areas that are affected early by Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology ... HRT was also found to be most effective, as seen by larger hippocampal volume, when introduced during early perimenopause"
• Lower Hormone Levels Linked to Risk of Sleep Apnea - Medscape, 7/1/22 - "postmenopausal women with double the average estrogen concentration had as much as a 23% decrease in the odds of snoring. Women with double the average progesterone concentration had a 9% decrease in the odds of snoring."
• High estradiol level is associated with erectile dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Andrologia 2022 Apr 12 - "Numerous studies conducted to study the role of testosterone in erectile dysfunction (ED) extensively, but less is known of the association between estradiol level and ED ... The estradiol level of ED patients was statistically higher than that in healthy subjects (SMD 0.45, 95%CI 0.28-0.63, p <0.0001). The pooled OR demonstrated that the estradiol was correlated to the ED significantly (OR 1.08, 95%CI 1.05-1.12, p <0.0001). Subgroup analyses were conducted based on age, diagnosis way, country, sample size, detection method and estradiol level. There was no substantial change in the result of SMD ranging from 0.41 (95% CI 0.31-0.51) to 0.53 (95% CI 0.44-0.62) when performing sensitivity analysis"
• The Association Between Hormone Therapy and Sarcopenia in Postmenopausal Women - Medscape, 5/29/20 - "The present study showed that the prolonged use of HT was associated with high muscle mass and a low prevalence of sarcopenia in postmenopausal women"

• Effect of Estradiol on Penile Erection - Medscape, 2/10/20 - "Our data indicate that estradiol inhibits penile erection, particularly at the penile base. Also, when the effective erection time of the penile base lasts longer than 10 min, estradiol has a more obvious inhibitory effect on penile base erection"

  • Letrozole normalizes serum testosterone in severely obese men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism - Diabetes Obes Metab. 2005 May;7(3):211-5 - "Six weeks of treatment decreased serum estradiol from 120 +/- 20 to 70 +/- 9 pmol/l (p = 0.006). None of the subjects developed an estradiol level of less than 40 pmol/l. LH increased from 4.5 +/- 0.8 to 14.8 +/- 2.3 U/l (p < 0.001). Total testosterone rose from 7.5 +/- 1.0 to 23.8 +/- 3.0 nmol/l (p < 0.001) without a concomitant change in sex hormone-binding globulin level. Those treated with Letrozole 17.5 mg per week had an excessive LH response" - See letrozole at inhousepharmacy.vu.
  • Letrozole once a week normalizes serum testosterone in obesity-related male hypogonadism - Eur J Endocrinol. 2008 May;158(5):741-7 - "Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is frequently observed in severely obese men, probably as a result of increased estradiol (E(2)) production and E(2)-mediated negative feedback on pituitary LH secretion. Aromatase inhibitors can reverse this process ... treated with 2.5 mg letrozole once a week for 6 months ... Six weeks of treatment reduced total E(2) from 123+/-11 to 58+/-7 pmol/l (P<0.001, mean+/-s.e.m.), and increased serum LH from 4.4+/-0.6 to 11.1+/-1.5 U/l (P<0.001). Total testosterone rose from 5.9+/-0.5 to 19.6+/-1.4 nmol/l (P<0.001), and free testosterone from 163+/-13 to 604+/-50 pmol/l (P<0.001). Total testosterone rose to within the normal range in all subjects, whereas free testosterone rose to supraphysiological levels in 7 out of 12 men ... Letrozole 2.5 mg once a week produced a sustained normalization of serum total testosterone in obese men with IHH. However, free testosterone frequently rose to supraphysiological levels. Therefore, a starting dose <2.5 mg once a week is recommended"
  • Comparative assessment in young and elderly men of the gonadotropin response to aromatase inhibition - J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Oct;90(10):5717-22 - "As assessed after 28 d of treatment, letrozole lowered E2 by 46% in the young men (P = 0.002) and 62% in the elderly men (P < 0.001). In both age groups, letrozole, but not placebo, significantly increased LH levels (339 and 323% in the young and the elderly, respectively) and T (146 and 99%, respectively) (P value of young vs. elderly was not significant). Under letrozole, peak LH response to GnRH was 152 and 52% increase from baseline in young and older men, respectively"
• Lifetime Estrogen Exposure and Cognition in Late Life - Medscape, 12/20/19 - "hormone therapy (HT) ... Endogenous estrogen exposure (EEE) ... EEE was positively associated with cognitive status (β = 0.03, P = 0.054). In addition, longer duration of HT use was positively associated with cognitive status (β = 0.02, P = 0.046) and interacted with age; older women had greater benefit compared with younger women. The timing of HT initiation was significantly associated with 3MS (β = 0.55, P = 0.048), with higher scores for women who initiated HT within 5 years of menopause compared with those initiating HT 6-or-more years later"
• Anxious and forgetful after menopause? Low estrogen may be to blame - Science Daily, 10/1/18 - "The research team studied female rats without ovaries to mimic human menopause. They administered standardized tests that measured anxiety and assessed short-term recognition of objects and spatial memory (memory of temporary locations and the relationships between objects in space). The menopausal rats showed higher levels of anxiety and a decrease in recognition memory compared to an age-matched control group. There was no difference in spatial memory between the two groups. These results suggest that normal hormone imbalances contribute to some of the emotional symptoms associated with menopause, such as anxiety, as well as minor memory problems."
• Hormone therapy may lead to improved cognitive function - Science Daily, 5/30/18 - "the combination of transdermal estradiol and an oral progesterone can slow down cognitive decline. This is the first known study to evaluate the effect of hormone therapy on MCI"
• Hormone replacement therapy may be beneficial for women's memory - Science Daily, 11/2/17 - "The researchers found that women taking estrogen-only therapy had lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol and performed better on tests of "working memory" following exposure to stress compared to women taking a placebo"
• Hormone replacement therapy can slow decline in lung function for middle-aged women - Science Daily, 9/15/17 - "Our findings show that female sex hormones are important for the preservation of lung function in middle-aged women"
• Taking Hormones for Menopause Doesn’t Raise Early Death Risk - NYT, 9/12/17 - "In an 18-year follow-up, 27.1 percent of the hormone users and 27.6 percent of those who took a placebo, died. Death rates from cancer and cardiovascular disease were the same in each group ... The findings provide reassurance to women regarding the use of hormones for menopausal symptoms in early menopause ... That’s when the symptoms are most severe and impair quality of life, and those are the women who have the most favorable results with hormone therapy"
• Testosterone Treatment and Sexual Function in Older Men with Low Testosterone Levels - J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Jun 29 - "Compared with placebo, T administration significantly improved 10 of 12 measures of sexual activity. Incremental increases in total and free T and estradiol levels were associated with improvements in sexual activity and desire, but not erectile function. No threshold T level was observed for any outcome, and none of the 27 baseline characteristics predicted responsiveness to T"
• Hormone replacement therapy and longevity - Andrologia. 2015 Apr 19 - "It was found that testosterone replacement therapy of men suffering from late onset hypogonadism increased survival rate by 9-10% in 5 years, similar to that of eugonadal, non-LOH men with normal endogenous testosterone secretion. Oestrogen replacement therapy resulted in increased survival by 2.6% in 5 years. It is concluded that hormone replacement therapy increases longevity"
• Avoiding estrogen therapy led to deaths of nearly 50,000 women, study says - Fox News, 7/19/13 - "in a study published in the American Journal of Public Health, researchers are arguing that misconceptions about hormonal treatments also led women to reject estrogen-only treatments, which have numerous health benefits including reduced mortality and lower incidences of breast cancer and heart disease ... researchers estimated that up to 48,835 women died prematurely between 2002 and 2011 because they failed to use estrogen therapy treatments"
• Hormone levels and sexual motivation among young women - Science Daily, 4/25/13 - "Estrogen was having a positive effect, but with a two-day lag. Progesterone was having a persistent negative effect, both for current day, day before, and two days earlier ... There's a common belief in the medical literature that testosterone is the main regulator of women's libido ... Doctors tend to believe that, though the evidence isn't that strong in humans. In the natural cycles, we weren't finding effects of testosterone. It wasn't significantly predicting outcomes"
• Surgical menopause may prime brain for stroke, Alzheimer's - Science Daily, 3/28/13 - "Women who abruptly and prematurely lose estrogen from surgical menopause have a two-fold increase in cognitive decline and dementia ... We wanted to find out why that is occurring ... looked at rats 10 weeks after removal of their estrogen-producing ovaries that were either immediately started on low-dose estrogen therapy, started therapy 10 weeks later or never given estrogen ... When the researchers caused a stroke-like event in the brain's hippocampus, a center of learning and memory, they found the rodents treated late or not at all experienced more brain damage ... To make matters worse, untreated or late-treated rats also began an abnormal, robust production of Alzheimer's disease-related proteins in the CA3 region ... timing [of hormone replacement] is everything"
• No clear evidence that decline in hormone replacement therapy use linked to fall in breast cancer - Science Daily, 3/14/13 - "In the SEER study, the declines in breast cancer were similar for both early stage and advanced cancers. This suggests that advanced cancers would have rapidly shrunk very soon after HRT discontinuation, which is "unlikely," say the authors ... DNA damage to breast tissue takes at least a decade before cancer becomes detectable, say the authors, and if there was a causal link, HRT discontinuation would be expected to have conferred a reduction in new cases of cancer over a period of several years. But this is not what the data show, say the authors ... In the meantime, he says, many women who could benefit from HRT are not using it. "If there is a risk, the risk is small, and the benefits of HRT can be life altering; it is vital that we keep this in perspective," he concludes" - Note:  I suspected something like this.  I take a lot of hits because I think for myself and don't believe media hype which comes with accusations that I'm brain washed when I feel it's the other way around.
• Blood hormone levels predicted long-term breast cancer risk for postmenopausal women - Science Daily, 10/18/12 - "Women with hormone levels in the highest 25 percent for estradiol, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) had a 50 percent to 107 percent greater chance for developing breast cancer compared with women in the lowest 25 percent. Relative risks for developing breast cancer were similar at one to 10 years versus 11 to 20 years (also 16 to 20 years) after blood collection ... Women in the highest 25 percent of SHBG levels had a 30 percent lower risk for breast cancer compared with women in the lowest 25 percent for SHBG levels"
• HRT Cuts CVD by 50%, Latest 'Unique' Data Show - Medscape, 10/15/12 - " In 2002, primary results from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) showed no cardiovascular benefit from HRT--something that had been suggested by numerous observational trials--and even an indication there may be harm; this led to the widespread abandonment of this therapy. But subsequent analyses of WHI, and data from other studies, have suggested that the time at which HRT is first prescribed is key. The women in this Danish study were 13 years younger, on average, than the women in WHI (mean age 63 years) ... The women in the treated group with an intact uterus received 2-mg synthetic 17-{:beta:}-estradiol for 12 days, 2 mg 17-{:beta:}-estradiol plus 1 mg norethindrone acetate for 10 days, and 1 mg 17-{:beta:}-estradiol for six days (Trisekvens, Novo Nordisk, Denmark) ... After 10 years of intervention, there was a 52% reduction in the primary composite end point of death, MI, or heart failure, and this was not associated with an increase in any cancer ... Hodis says emotion has long overtaken reason in the HRT debate. "We have had observational studies for the past 50 years in this field, at least 40 of them, and they are all consistent--and you just don't see that in medicine--across two very important outcomes: they reduced cardiovascular disease and they reduced mortality" in women around the time of menopause, he asserts. "But when WHI was conducted, it was done in women who were 12 years or more past menopause. These are two completely different populations of women"
• Estrogen After Hysterectomy Lowers Cancer Risk? - WebMD, 3/6/12 - "New results from a long-running government study of the effect of hormones on women’s health show that estrogen-only appears to cut a woman’s risk of getting breast cancer by about 20% and significantly reduces her risk of dying from the disease. Those benefits appear to last for years after the therapy ends ... The effects on breast cancer are so different between estrogen and progestin and estrogen alone that we felt it was time to say that women taking estrogen alone may not need to stop at three to five years. Because over that amount of time, no breast cancer showed up in women taking estrogen alone ... Compared to women taking a placebo, women who took estrogen had a 23% reduced risk of invasive breast cancer ... Women taking estrogen also had a 63% reduced risk of dying from breast cancer compared to women on the placebo"
• Estrogen reduces breast cancer stem cells and aggression in breast cancer, study suggests - Science Daily, 2/14/11
• Endometrial cancer associated with various forms of postmenopausal hormone therapy: A case control study - Int J Cancer. 2011 Apr 1;128(7):1644-51 - "evaluates the effect of different modes of estradiol-progestagen therapy (EPT) regimens on the postmenopausal endometrial cancer risk in Finland ... For use of <5 years, the OR for sequential EPT was 0.67 (95% confidence interval 0.52-0.86), for continuous EPT 0.45 (0.27-0.73), and for estradiol plus levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device system (LNG-IUS) 0.39 (0.17-0.88). A decreased risk persisted for the use of continuous EPT and estradiol plus LNG-IUS of up to 10 years. The use of long-cycle EPT showed a tendency toward an elevated risk both for exposure of <5 years (1.40; 0.82-2.38) and for estimated use of >5 years (1.63; 1.12-2.38). For an estimated exposure of >10 years, the risk for endometrial cancer was elevated for both users of long-cycle EPT (2.95; 2.40-3.62) and sequential EPT (1.38; 1.15-1.66). Norethisterone acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate as parts of EPT did not differ in their endometrial cancer risk. The use of tibolone showed no endometrial risk. The use of sequential and long-cycle EPT is associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer, whereas the use of continuous EPT or estradiol plus LNG-IUS shows a decreased risk"
• Drop in breast cancer rates directly tied to reduced hormone therapy, large study finds - Science Daily, 11/30/10
• Menopausal hormone therapy may increase risk of ovarian cancer, research suggests - Science Daily, 11/9/10
• Estrogen therapy may be associated with kidney stones in postmenopausal women - Science Daily, 10/11/10
• Low-dose HRT patches carry less risk of stroke than tablets, study says - Science Daily, 6/3/10
• Sex Hormones and the Risk of Incident Prostate Cancer - Urology. 2010 May 6 - "Serum testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and sex hormone-binding globulin were assayed at baseline ... the mean age was 73 years. Higher serum estrone was strongly related to an increased risk of prostate cancer: compared with men in the lower quartile, the risk of prostate cancer among those in the highest 3 quartiles (>24.9 pg/dL) was nearly 4-fold higher (adjusted heart rate = 3.93, CI: 1.61-9.57). Other sex hormones were not associated with the risk of prostate cancer" - The following results for estrone are for women.   I didn't find any results for men but see the "For Aromatization (in males):" section on my letrozole page.
  • Letrozole suppresses plasma estradiol and estrone sulphate more completely than anastrozole in postmenopausal women with breast cancer - J Clin Oncol. 2008 Apr 1;26(10):1671-6 - "Letrozole reduces plasma E2 and E1S levels to a significantly greater extent than anastrozole" - See Femara (letrozole)at OffshoreRX.
  • Influence of letrozole and anastrozole on total body aromatization and plasma estrogen levels in postmenopausal breast cancer patients evaluated in a randomized, cross-over study - J Clin Oncol. 2002 Feb 1;20(3):751-7 - "estrone (E(1)), estradiol (E(2)), and estrone sulfate (E(1)S) ... Treatment with anastrozole suppressed plasma levels of E(1), E(2), and E(1)S by a mean of 81.0%, 84.9%, and 93.5%, respectively, whereas treatment with letrozole caused a corresponding decrease of 84.3%, 87.8% and 98.0%, respectively. The suppression of E(1) and E(1)S was found to be significantly better during treatment with letrozole compared with anastrozole"
• Does a man's estrogen level impact his risk of prostate cancer? - Science Daily, 4/19/10 - "The relative amounts of the 15 estrogens and estrogen metabolites in the urine of prostate cancer cases were similar to that of non-cancer patients with the exception of the estrogen metabolite 4-OHE1 ... This particular estrogen metabolite appeared to be more abundant among men diagnosed with prostate cancer"
• Hormone Heart Risk in Younger Postmenopausal Women - WebMD, 2/16/10

• Aromatase Inhibition Offers Little Benefit, Possible Harm to Men With Lo... - Medscape, 12/22/09 - "The inescapable conclusion from these data is that the 50% increase in testosterone levels was trumped by the much more modest 20% reduction in estradiol levels, leading to negative skeletal effects of anastrozole therapy in aging men" - Note:  I'm not sure that thought this though thoroughly.  Mortally in men is best when estrogen is around 25pg/mL.  I suspect that most have higher estrogen than that.  See:

  • High, Low Estradiol Levels and Mortality in Men With Systolic HF - Medscape, 5/19/09 - "Both low and high serum levels of estradiol, compared with mid-range levels, are significantly and independently associated with increased all-cause mortality in men with chronic systolic heart failure"
    Serum Estradiol Concentration Quintiles as Predictors of All-Cause Mortality in Men (With Quintile 3 as the Reference Group)

    Parameter	Quintile 1	Quintile 2	Quintile 3	Quintile 4	Quintile 5
    Estradiol concentration (pg/mL)	<12.903	12.90–21.79	21.80–30.11	30.12–37.39	>37.40
    3-y survival* (%)	44.6	65.8	82.4	79.0	63.6
    Quintile as mortality predictor,* HR (95% CI) vs quintile 3	4.17 (2.33–7.45)	2.15 (1.16–3.99)	--	1.22 (0.64–2.31)	2.33 (1.30–4.18)

    HR= hazard ratio
• Cut out the (estrogen) middleman: Risky therapy for aging brain may be avoidable by focusing instead on hormone's target - Science Daily, 12/8/09 - "A split-personality chemical, estrogen is thought to protect neural circuits and boost learning and memory, while at the same time increasing cancer risk when taken in high doses"
• Decline in breast cancer: Not just because of hormone therapy - Science Daily, 12/7/09 - "the change in hormone therapy use only accounted for a decline of about 3 percent, so there's another 4 percent that is being caused by something we do not yet know"
• Hormone Replacement Therapy Decreases Mortality In Younger Postmenopausal Woman, Study Shows - Science Daily, 10/28/09 - "HRT use by younger postmenopausal women was associated with a significant reduction in total mortality ... results from 19 randomized trials that included age-specific data from the WHI, with 16,000 younger postmenopausal women (mean age 55 years) followed for 83,000 patient-years, and showed a mortality relative risk of 0.73. When data from 8 observational studies were added to the analysis, the resultant relative risk was 0.72. Using Bayesian analysis to synthesize the available data, the probability of a mortality benefit in this population was 1.0. This means that the probability of the hypothesis that hormone therapy reduces total mortality in younger women is essentially 1"
• Hormone Therapy Should Not Be Stopped Prior To Mammograms, Researchers Recommend - Science Daily, 9/28/09
• Sex Hormones Associated With Broken Bones In Older Men - Science Daily, 8/3/09 - "Low levels of estradiol or high levels of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) are associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fracture in older men"
• Hormone Therapy Use Associated With Increased Risk Of Ovarian Cancer - Science Daily, 7/14/09
• Hormone Therapy Plus Physical Activity Reduce Belly Fat, Body Fat Percentage After Menopause - Science Daily, 6/10/09 - "Older women who take hormone therapy to relieve menopausal symptoms may get the added benefit of reduced body fat if they are physically active"
• High, Low Estradiol Levels and Mortality in Men With Systolic HF - Medscape, 5/19/09 - "Both low and high serum levels of estradiol, compared with mid-range levels, are significantly and independently associated with increased all-cause mortality in men with chronic systolic heart failure" - Note:  See my aromatization page for ways to reduce it.  I take a quarter tablet of letrozole every day.  See letrozole at OffshoreRx1.com.
  Serum Estradiol Concentration Quintiles as Predictors of All-Cause Mortality in Men (With Quintile 3 as the Reference Group)

  Parameter	Quintile 1	Quintile 2	Quintile 3	Quintile 4	Quintile 5
  Estradiol concentration (pg/mL)	<12.903	12.90–21.79	21.80–30.11	30.12–37.39	>37.40
  3-y survival* (%)	44.6	65.8	82.4	79.0	63.6
  Quintile as mortality predictor,* HR (95% CI) vs quintile 3	4.17 (2.33–7.45)	2.15 (1.16–3.99)	--	1.22 (0.64–2.31)	2.33 (1.30–4.18)

  HR= hazard ratio
• Low Serum Testosterone and Estradiol Predict Mortality in Elderly Men - J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Apr 28 - "mean follow-up period of 4.5 years ... low levels (within quartile 1; versus quartiles 2-4) of both testosterone (hazard ratio [HR] 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29-2.12) and estradiol (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.22-1.95) associated with mortality. A model including both hormones showed that both low testosterone (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.11-1.92) and estradiol (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.02-1.73) predicted mortality. Risk of death nearly doubled (HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.46-2.62) in subjects with low levels of both testosterone and estradiol compared with subjects within quartiles 2-4 of both hormones ... Elderly men with low serum testosterone and estradiol have increased risk of mortality, and subjects with low values of both testosterone and estradiol have the highest risk of mortality"
• Menopause Hormone Replacement Therapy: 'Safe' Time? - WebMD, 2/4/09
• Hormone Therapy Linked to Brain Shrinkage, But Not Lesions - Doctor's Guide, 1/13/09 - "Two new studies show that hormone therapy for women is linked to brain shrinkage, but not to small vascular lesions in the brain"
• Hormone Therapy Associated With Reduced Colorectal Cancer Risk - Science Daily, 1/8/09 - "The combination of estrogen plus progestin, which women stopped taking in droves following the news that it may increase their risk of breast cancer, may decrease their risk of colorectal cancer ... Any use of estrogen therapy was associated with a 17 percent reduced risk in colorectal cancer. Among those who used estrogen, the largest reductions were seen among those who were current users (25 percent reduced risk) and users of ten or more years duration (26 percent reduced risk)"
• Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of colorectal cancer - Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Jan;18(1):196-203 - "evaluated colorectal cancer risk associated with the duration and recency of specific menopausal hormone therapy formulations (i.e., unopposed estrogen versus estrogen plus progestin) and regimens (i.e., sequential versus continuous estrogen plus progestin use) ... We observed a decreased risk of colorectal cancer among ever users of unopposed estrogen therapy (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-0.99). Among estrogen users, the largest reduced risk was observed for current users (RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.54-1.05) and users of >/=ten years duration (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56-0.96). We found a reduced risk among users of estrogen plus progestin therapy (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.60-1.02), with sequential regimen users (progestin <15 days per cycle) having the largest risk reduction (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43-0.95). Past users of >/=5 years ago (RR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.32-0.98) had the largest risk reduction. In this study, estrogen plus progestin use, especially sequential regimen use, was associated with the largest overall reduction of colorectal cancer risk"
• Estrogen Reduces Risk Of Fracture After Menopause, Study Suggests - Science Daily, 9/19/08
• Sex Hormones Link To Heart Risk - Science Daily, 8/31/08 - "one of the sex hormones - estradiol - was associated positively with total cholesterol and negatively with HDL-cholesterol. Circulating concentrations of another sex hormone - estrone - showed strong positive associations with both total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol ... Thus, men with the highest concentrations of estrone and estradiol may have the highest level of cardiovascular risk as their levels of detrimental LDL-cholesterol are high whilst their cardio-protective HDL-cholesterol is low" - See my aromatization page for ways to reduce these.
• Hormone Replacement Therapy Improves Sleep, Sexuality And Joint Pain In Older Women - Science Daily, 8/21/08 - "post-menopausal women on HRT gain significant improvements in quality of life ... For most women with significant menopause symptoms the benefits of HRT outweigh the risks. The latest analyses of the main long-term randomized control trial of HRT (The Women's Health Initiative) show that breast cancer is not increased by oestrogen-only HRT and is only increased in women using combined oestrogen and progestogen HRT after seven years of use. This increased risk is less than 0.1% per year of use"
• Risk Of Gall Bladder Disease With Hormone Replacement Therapy Patches Lower Than With HRT Pills - Science Daily, 7/10/08
• Estrogen May Be Neuroprotective After All - Medscape, 6/18/08
• Estrogen Helps Drive Distinct, Aggressive Form Of Prostate Cancer - Science Daily, 5/27/08 - "Now, we show for the first time that this natural estrogen can stimulate the production of the cancer-linked TMPRSS2-ERG transcript, via the estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and ER-beta ... We now believe that agents that dampen estrogen activity (ER-beta antagonists) could inhibit fusion-positive prostate cancers" - That raises the question whether aromatase inhibitors might help prevent prostate cancer.  I've always felt they do and have been taking a quarter tablet of letrozole every other day (OffshoreRX).
• Non-estrogen Option for Menopause - WebMD, 5/23/08 - "a non-estrogen drug called Ophena significantly improves symptoms of vaginal dryness and painful intercourse in postmenopausal women, raising hopes of an alterative to estrogen replacement therapy ... Ophena is a type of drug called a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)" - The article makes it sound like it's on the market so I was wondering why I never heard of it.  I Googled it and found the company site and it's not on the market.  It's in a phase III pivotal study.
• Relationship of sex steroid hormones with bone mineral density in a nationally-representative sample of men - Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008 May 14 - "Men in the lowest quartile of free estradiol had 70% increased odds (OR=1.69, 95% CI 0.95-2.98) of osteopenia compared with men in the highest quartile. Men in the lowest quartile of free testosterone had nearly four times the odds of osteopenia than those in the highest quartile (OR=3.82; 95% CI 1.87-7.78). Lower concentrations of SHBG appeared protective against osteopenia (p-trend=0.01). Neither total testosterone nor total estradiol was associated with BMD, although men with clinically low estradiol (<20 ng/l) had lower BMD (0.930 g/cm(2), 95% CI 0.88-0.98) than men with normal-range estradiol (1.024 g/cm(2), 1.01-1.04; p=0.004"
• Hormone Therapy May Cut Risk of AMD - WebMD, 4/14/08 - "Current hormone users were found to have a 48% lower risk for developing the neovascular, or wet, form of AMD, compared with women who had never taken postmenopausal hormones"
• Why Synthetic Estrogens Wreak Havoc On Reproductive System - Science Daily, 3/31/08
• High Levels Of Estrogen Associated With Breast Cancer Recurrence - Science Daily, 3/6/08
• After HRT, Some Health Risks Remain - WebMD, 3/4/08
• Hormone Therapy May Skew Mammograms - WebMD, 2/26/08 - "Women who take combined hormone therapy, even for a short time, are at significantly increased risk of having suspicious mammograms and undergoing breast biopsies as a result"
• FDA Goes After 'Natural' HRT Claims - WebMD, 1/9/08 - "The agency warned the pharmacies to cease marketing HRT containing estriol and to stop making claims that their products are "natural" or "bioequivalent" to standard HRT"
• What Is The Link Between Women's Hormones And Mood Disorders? - Science Daily, 12/17/07
• Altered Sex Hormone Levels, Higher Body Temp Affects Sleep Quality In Postmenopausal Women - Science Daily, 12/1/07 - "lower estradiol (E2) and higher luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were significantly correlated with indices of poor sleep quality, with relationships between LH and quality of sleep being stronger than those for E2"
• Too Much Sugar Turns Off Gene That Controls Effects Of Sex Steroids - Science Daily, 11/21/07 - "This discovery reinforces public health advice to eat complex carbohydrates and avoid sugar ... Glucose and fructose are metabolized in the liver. When there’s too much sugar in the diet, the liver converts it to lipid. Using a mouse model and human liver cell cultures, the scientists discovered that the increased production of lipid shut down a gene called SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin), reducing the amount of SHBG protein in the blood. SHBG protein plays a key role in controlling the amount of testosterone and estrogen that’s available throughout the body"
• The Pill Raises Cervical Cancer Risk - WebMD, 11/8/07
• Cardiovascular Benefits of Hormone Replacement Therapy May Depend on Timing - Doctor's Guide, 11/8/07 - "Naturally menopausal women initiating hormone therapy (HT) prior to age 45 were better protected against coronary artery disease (CAD) compared with those starting it later and non users"
• Cervical Cancer Risk Decreases After Stopping the Pill - Doctor's Guide, 11/7/07 - "Cervical cancer risk for women up to the age of 50 in developed countries such as the UK who have never used the pill is 3.8 in 1,000. This increases to 4.0 per 1000 in women who use the pill for 5 years, and to 4.5 per 1000 for those who take the pill for 10 years"
• Artery Plaque Risk From the Pill? - WebMD, 11/6/07 - "every decade of use was associated with a 42% increase in carotid plaque and a 34% increase in femoral plaque"
• Women Taking Hormones Sleep Better and Have Less Vaginal Dryness - Doctor's Guide, 10/10/07 - "There is an upside for postmenopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) -- better sleep patterns, less vaginal dryness, and fewer aches and pains"
• Transdermal Estradiol Spray Improves Vasomotor Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 10/9/07
• Hormone Hoax: No Extra Benefit From Bioidentical Hormones - Doctor's Guide, 10/9/07 - "bioidentical compounded hormones (BCHs) ... conventional hormone therapy (CHT) ... Symptom relief from CHT and BCHs was similar except regarding sexual issues, where the response was significantly better for BCH than CHT"
• Hormone Therapy Boosts Sexual Interest But Not Memory, Study Suggests - Science Daily, 9/24/07
• Sex Boost From Late Hormone Therapy - WebMD, 9/24/07 - "Hormone therapy did not help the women's memory ... The level of sexual interest reported by women on hormone therapy increased 44%"
• Estrogen Linked To Breast Cancer - Science Daily, 8/24/07
• Estrogen Tells Brain Where Fat Goes - WebMD, 8/20/07
• Revealing Estrogen's Secret Role In Obesity - WebMD, 8/20/07
• Breast Cancer Decline Linked to HRT - WebMD, 8/14/07 - "For instance, between 2002 and 2003, HRT use fell by 34%. That lines up with a 13% drop in the women's rate of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer"
• Age Is Important In Hormone Therapy Use, Study Suggests - Science Daily, 8/3/07
• Hormone Therapy Not for Older Women - WebMD, 7/11/07 - "Hormone therapy is a two-edged sword. It seems to help the earliest stages of heart disease, but may increase the risk of blood clots and arterial plaque rupture if continued into older age"
• Estrogen Therapy Gives Aging Brain Cells A Boost - Science Daily, 6/25/07 - "estrogen significantly improved cognitive function in older animals but not in young monkeys"
• Hormone Therapy: Heartening News - WebMD, 6/20/07 - "Estrogen protects the hearts of women who take the hormone early in menopause ... about 7.5 years after starting hormone therapy -- and more than a year after the trial ended -- women taking estrogen were 30% less likely to have serious hardening of the coronary arteries ... there is no increased risk of breast cancer with estrogen alone, only with estrogen plus progesterone, and the risk is tiny"
• Estrogen Is Important For Bone Health In Men As Well As Women - Science Daily, 5/10/07 - "As for men - new research at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has shown that low amounts of active estrogen metabolites also can increase their osteoporosis risk"
• Estrogen Use Before 65 Linked To Reduced Risk Of Alzheimer's Disease - Science Daily, 5/2/07 - "women who used any form of estrogen hormone therapy before the age of 65 were nearly 50 percent less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease or dementia"
• Estrogen Therapy May Protect Brain - WebMD, 5/2/07
• Strong Link Between Breast Cancer And Hormone Replacement Therapy Found - Science Daily, 4/18/07 - "At best, based on this analysis, an individual woman could reduce her individual risk of developing breast cancer by one in 60, or about 1.7 percent, if she stopped using hormones"
• HRT linked to ovarian cancer risk - BBC News, 4/18/07 - "The new analysis of 948,576 postmenopausal women showed a 20% increased risk of developing and dying from ovarian cancer in HRT users, compared with those who had never used the treatment"
• Timing Key in Hormone Heart Risk - WebMD, 4/3/07 - "The researchers found no increased risk of heart disease among women who begin hormone therapy within 10 years of the onset of menopause. Taking hormones 20 or more years after menopause or taking them after age 69 was associated with increased heart risk"
• Study: Hormone patch safer than pill - USA Today, 2/25/07 - "Hormone skin patches and gels, it seems, are far less likely than pills to cause dangerous blood clots"
• Birth Control Pills - Weight Gain - The Claim: The Pill Can Make You Put On Weight - New York Times, 1/30/07
• Breast Cancer Rates Fall Sharply - WebMD, 12/14/06
• Hormone Therapy May Improve Memory - WebMD, 11/17/06
• Hormone Replacement Therapy May Improve Visual Memory - Science Daily, 11/16/06 - "Those who were taking combined estrogen-progestin hormone therapy showed significantly increased activity in the prefrontal cortex, a region of the brain that is critical in memory tasks, compared with those on placebo"
• Hormone Therapy Does Not Improve Quality Of Life For Women, Finnish Trial Finds - Science Daily, 11/11/06 - "The women receiving hormone therapy showed slightly more cardiovascular disease, cerebral circulatory disease and cancer in comparison to the women who did not take hormones. However, these differences were not statistically significant. The hormone recipients had less fractures and less hot flashes and night-time sweating than the comparison group, but they also had more flow. There were no differences in depression, sleep disorders, fatigue, dizziness or bloating"
• New form of hormone therapy sparks debate - MSNBC, 11/1/06
• Hormone therapy may damage hearing - MSNBC, 9/5/06 - "those taking hormone replacement therapy that included progestin had poorer speech understanding than women who were not taking hormones or who were using estrogen only"
• Menopause Treatment a Cancer Risk? - WebMD, 7/24/06 - "women who had gone through menopause naturally and took estrogen plus testosterone had 2.5 times the risk of breast cancer than those who had never used hormone therapy. Estrogen-only therapy showed a 23% increased risk and estrogen-plus-progesterone therapy was linked to a 66% increased risk in those women with natural menopause"
• Ultra Low-Dose Estrogen Shown Safe for Post-Menopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 7/14/06 - "It's thought that estrogen in pill form might stimulate the liver to produce substances that can lead to clotting or other adverse side effects. With a patch, you bypass the liver and go straight to the blood"
• Hormone Therapy: For Whom? How Long? - WebMD, 6/1/06 - "Doctors agree that hormone therapy can help women whose lives are disrupted by menopausal symptoms. Doctors agree the treatment -- estrogen plus progestin for women with a uterus, and estrogen alone for women who have had a hysterectomy -- carries risks. Doctors agree that for some women, the risks of hormone therapy outweigh the benefits ... Doctors disagree over which women need hormone therapy, and why they might need it. They disagree over when it's best to start hormone therapy. And they disagree over when to stop hormone therapy"
• Estrogen-Only HRT Safe for 15 Years - WebMD, 5/8/05 - "The finding applies just to estrogen-only HRT prescribed for women who have had a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus). For women with a uterus, estrogen alone greatly increases the risk of uterine cancer. To avoid this risk, HRT for women with a uterus balances estrogen with progesterone. But adding progesterone to estrogen increases the risk of breast cancer"
• Hormone Therapy May Prevent Heart Attacks for Women in Their 50s - Doctor's Guide, 4/20/06 - "HRT can reduce heart attacks by about one-third in women under age 60 but has mixed results for older women"
• Estrogen, progestin questioned - USA Today, 4/12/06 - "women's risk of breast cancer began rising between three and four years after going on estrogen plus progestin ... Women who take 0.625 milligrams of estrogen, the dose tested in the Women's Health Initiative, "have a real risk of endometrial cancer" if they don't also take progestin"
• New Data From the Women's Health Initiative Study Show No Increased Risk of Breast Cancer with Conjugated Estrogens Alone - Doctor's Guide, 4/12/06
• Estrogen HRT: No Breast Cancer Risk - WebMD, 4/11/06 - "After hysterectomy, estrogen-only hormone therapy does not increase a woman's risk of breast cancer"
• Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy Appears to Increase Risk of Blood Clots in Veins - Doctor's Guide, 4/11/06
• Beyond Women's Health Initiative: When and How to Treat Menopausal Symptoms with Hormone Replacement Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 4/10/06 - "Treat moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes -- night sweats associated with menopause -- with low dose, short-term [HRT], but this comes with risk ... Treat vulvar and vaginal atrophy as well but treat instead with topical estrogens because of lower level of estrogens delivered"
• Hormone Replacement Therapy May Prevent Heart Attacks in Women Under 60, Analysis of 23 Studies Concludes - Doctor's Guide, 4/4/06 - "HRT can reduce heart attacks by about one-third in women under age 60 but has mixed results for older women"
• BIO-E-GEL Decreases Postmenopausal Vasomotor Symptoms - Doctor's Guide, 3/10/06
• The latest flip-flop on hormone therapy gives new hope to younger women - US News, 3/6/06 - "women like Smith who take hormones when they're relatively young and closer to menopause may actually be protected against heart disease--not at higher risk"
• Estrogen questions linger - USA Today, 2/22/06
• Estrogen-progestin Menopausal Hormone Therapy And Risk Of Lobular And Tubular Breast Cancer - Science Daily, 2/20/06
• Is Hormone Therapy Helpful After All? - WebMD, 2/13/06
• Study: Estrogen-Only Hormone Therapy Is Safe - ABC News, 2/13/06 - "Estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy probably won't help women's hearts, but it might not harm them, either"
• A New Look at HRT Highlights the Value of Early Initiation Relative to Menopause Onset - Doctor's Guide, 1/31/06 - "Results of this study found a distinct advantage to treating women close to menopause with HRT when compared to women initiating HRT a decade or more following menopause"
• Rethinking Hormones, Again  - New York Times, 1/31/06
• Timing May Be Key to Hormone Therapy - HealthDay, 1/24/06
• Low Brain Estrogen May Boost Women's Alzheimer's Risk - Intelihealth, 12/19/05
• Study That Discredited Hormone Replacement Therapy Was Flawed, Experts Say - Intelihealth, 12/16/05 - "The Massachusetts expert says he's convinced that transdermal estrogen, given in patch form, is superior to oral estrogen. "Oral estrogen passes through the liver and stimulates the blood-clotting factors too much, leading to heart attacks,""
• Estrogen And Exercise Promote Leanness In Similar Ways - Science Daily, 11/5/05 - "Scientists long have known that fading estrogen levels lead postmenopausal women to accumulate more fat and sometimes develop insulin resistance or diabetes. The study demonstrates that estrogen may reduce body fat in animals and may explain some of the reasons behind the association of menopause with increased risk of insulin resistance and diabetes"
• Oral Estradiol Therapy May Worsen Insulin Resistance in Obese Menopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome - Doctor's Guide, 10/21/05 - "After 12 weeks, there was significant worsening of insulin resistance in women taking oral estradiol ... The researchers observed no significant changes in markers of insulin resistance in women receiving transdermal estradiol, except for a decrease in glucose to insulin ratio from 7.13 to 5.77"
• Breast Cancer Risk With HRT Lower Than Believed - Physician's Weekly, 10/3/05 - "HRT increases a woman’s cumulative breast cancer risk, but only slightly"
• Estrogen's Antioxidant Power May Play Key Role In Cerebral Blood Vessel Health - Science Daily, 8/29/05 - "In rats treated with doses of estrogen, however, vascular mitochondria produced energy more efficiently with lower amounts of damaging free radicals"
• Fewer Wrinkles And Firmer Skin Linked To Earlier Use Of Estrogen Therapy - Science Daily, 8/26/05 - “We don’t believe hormone therapy will make wrinkles melt away once they’re already there, but the results of our study shows that hormone therapy can prevent them. Hormone therapy makes wrinkles less severe and keeps skin more elastic,”
• Risk of Breast Cancer with HRT May Be Lower than We Think - Doctor's Guide, 8/5/05
• Breast Cancer, Hormone Link Clarified - WebMD, 8/4/05 - "combination of estrogen and progestin ... the risk in a 50-year-old woman increased from 6.1% to 6.7% if she took combined hormones for five years. The risk for the same woman who took hormones for a decade was estimated to be 7.7%"
• Menopause Symptoms Return When Hormones Stop - WebMD, 7/12/05
• Menopausal Hormone Therapy: A New Debate - WebMD, 7/12/05
• Breast Cancer Easier To Miss In Women On HRT - CBS 2 Chicago, 5/25/05 - "found an increased chance that cancer may be missed among women on HRT. That may be because some of their breast tissue is more dense, making the cancer more difficult to find"
• Estrogen Could Affect Memory, Learning - CBS 2 Chicago, 5/19/05 - "estrogen stimulates the hippocampus – the part of the brain responsible for learning and memory, but this happened only in female rats, not in males"
• Can Breast Cancer Survivors Take Hormones? - WebMD, 8/27/06
• Teen Estrogen Therapy May Affect Fertility - WebMD, 10/21/04
• Study: Pill Cuts Cancer, Coronary Risks - Intelihealth, 10/20/04 - "the type of hormones and the stage of life when they're used may be what makes them helpful at one point and harmful at another ... there's an 8 percent risk reduction of ever having cardiovascular disease ... Women on The Pill also had a 7 percent lower risk of developing any form of cancer"
• Stopping Hormone Replacement Therapy Results in Rebound of Vasomotor Symptoms - Doctor's Guide, 10/13/04
• Four Osteoporosis Drugs Show No Difference in Impact on Endothelial Function - Doctor's Guide, 10/11/04
• Ultra-Low Dose Estradiol Good for Bone Health, and Appears to Have No Impact on Endometrium - Doctor's Guide, 10/11/04 - "14 mcg of estradiol patch ... By the end of 2 years, there was a 2.6% increase in bone mineral density of the lumbar spine over baseline, and a 0.4% increase in BMD at the hip. By comparison in the placebo group, the increase in BMD of the spine was 0.6% and there was a loss in BMD at the hip of 0.8% ... These ultra-low doses of estradiol should be sufficient to preserve bone health in women over the age of 60 years"
• Finnish Study Shows Very Low Incidence of Cardio- and Cerebrovascular Events From Long-Term Hormone Replacement Therapy Use - Doctor's Guide, 10/8/04 - "As to why the results of this study may be different from what was seen in the Women's health Initiative, the only significant difference in baseline data was that women in this study were somewhat younger (mean age 56 years) than those in the WHI"
• Study Links Estrogen Pills, Blood Clots - Intelihealth, 10/6/04
• Gynecologists Issue New Hormone Therapy Guide - WebMD, 10/1/04
• No Decline in Dementia Risk With Estrogen Use - Clinical Psychiatry News, 10/04
• EstroGel (Estradiol Gel) Transdermal Gel for Estrogen Therapy Now Available in US - Doctor's Guide, 7/27/04 - "EstroGel® (estradiol gel), the first transdermal estrogen gel in the country, is now available with a prescription to treat moderate to severe hot flashes and moderate to severe dryness, itching, and burning in and around the vagina"
• Younger Women May Benefit From HRT - WebMD, 7/15/04 - "The study, however, was limited to older women who were years past the menopause. Now a review of smaller studies concludes that the benefits of HRT probably outweigh the risks for many younger women"
• Hormone Replacement Therapy in Early Menopause Could Have More Benefits Than Risks - Doctor's Guide, 7/14/04 - "When women begin HRT before age 60, their risk of death is 39 percent less than women not on hormones"
• Hormone Therapy Associated with Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment and Appears to Adversely Effect Cognition in Women 65 Years and Older - Doctor's Guide, 6/23/04
• Estrogen-Alone Hormone Therapy Could Increase Risk Of Dementia In Older Women - Science Daily, 6/23/04 - "At the end of the study, the risk of dementia in the estrogen-alone group was 49% higher than the risk in women using the placebo ... 12 extra cases of dementia in every 10,000 women using estrogen alone each year"
• Postmenopausal Estrogens Therapy May Protect Against Parkinson Disease - Doctor's Guide, 6/22/04
• Hormone Loss at Menopause May Cause Weight Gain - Doctor's Guide, 6/21/04 - "Loss of estrogen and progesterone at menopause could predispose women to weight gain due, in part, to a decrease in resting caloric expenditure"
• Estrogen and Estrogen-Related Drugs May Protect Against Alzheimer's Disease - Doctor's Guide, 6/21/04 - "the researchers believe the results support the use of estrogen, or SERMs, for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's Disease"
• Birth Control, HRT, and Sex Drive - WebMD, 6/9/04 - "adding natural progesterone moderately reduced estrogen's libido-stimulating effect, but adding MPA [medroxyprogesterone] completely eliminated it ... aggression levels increased when they were on the estrogen/MPA combination ... Oral delivery has more of an effect on libido than transdermal or transvaginal delivery"
• Research In Monkeys Suggests Estrogen Therapy May Lower Androgens In Postmenopausal Women - Science Daily, 5/17/04 - "Our findings suggest that it might be important for women taking estrogen after menopause to also take androgen supplements – which can include testosterone"
• Postmenopausal Women Show Significantly Reduced Incident Fracture Risk While on Hormone Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 5/12/04 - "We found a significantly reduced risk of fracture a year or so after women had started using hormone therapy, with the risk decreasing further with increasing duration of use"
• Ultra-Low Dose Estrogen Patch Helps Bones - WebMD, 5/4/04
• Ultra-Low-Dose Estradiol Patch Stops Bone Turnover, Increases Bone Density - Medscape, 5/4/04 - "The patch dose is "roughly one fourth of the standard 0.625-mg dose usually prescribed for menopause symptoms ... That minimal increase translated into a "3% increase in BMD at the spine compared to placebo and a 1.5% increase at the hip compared to placebo ... All women received 800 mg calcium and 400 IU vitamin D daily"
• Fewer Side Effects With Estrogen Replacement Therapy, No Increased Risk of Breast Cancer or Heart Disease - Doctor's Guide, 4/28/04 - "Women taking estrogen-only replacement therapy (ERT) for up to seven years have no increased risk of breast cancer or heart disease ... These findings differ from those of the first arm of study in women taking a combination of estrogen and progestin"
• Low-Dose Transdermal Estrogen Viable Short-Term Option for Treating Menopausal Symptoms - Doctor's Guide, 4/19/04
• Conjugated Equine Oestrogen Associated with Increased Risk of Stroke, Decreased Risk of Fracture, and No Effect on Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 4/13/04
• Estrogen Discouraged for Disease Prevention - WebMD,  4/13/04
• NIH Asks Participants in Women's Health Initiative Estrogen-Alone Study to Stop Study Pills, Begin Follow-up Phase - Doctor's Guide, 3/2/04 - "estrogen alone does not appear to affect (either increase or decrease) heart disease, a key question of the study. At the same time, estrogen alone appears to increase the risk of stroke and decrease the risk of hip fracture. It has not increased the risk of breast cancer during the time period of the study"
• HRT Heart Risk Long Suspected - WebMD, 2/26/04
• HRT Raises Asthma Risks Among Older Women - WebMD, 2/23/04
• Postmenopausal Health: Estrogen and SERMs - Physician's Weekly, 1/26/04
• Estrogen Users Fared Better Than Nonusers on Cognitive Testing - Clinical Psychiatry News Online, 1/04 - "Estrogen users performed significantly better on every test than did nonusers. After adjustment for possible confounders, the difference in performance scores between the estrogen users and nonusers had a mean effect size of 1.13. Effect size is the standardized difference between two means. An effect size of 0.2-0.3 is considered small, one of 0.3-0.7 is considered moderate, and one of 1.1 is considered large"
• Estrogen Plus Progestin Doubles Risk of Venous Thrombosis - Doctor's Guide, 12/16/03
• Stopping HRT Difficult for Many Women - WebMD, 12/10/03
• Estrogen Is Involved in Stress Response - WebMD, 12/3/03
• Menopause and Midlife Weight Gain - WebMD, 11/12/03 - "monkeys who had their ovaries removed, resulting in a more rapid drop in female hormone levels as oppose to the gradual drops changes seen during the menopausal transition, had an almost immediate and dramatic increase in appetite that led to weight gain"
• Estrogen Might Improve Memory in Post-Menopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 11/10/03 - "New data provides further positive evidence that estrogen treatment might provide positive long-term effects on memory and learning in post-menopausal women"
• Hormone Hysteria? -- Hormone replacement therapy may not be so bad - Scientific American, 10/03 - "A growing number of researchers believe that Provera is a poor substitute for progesterone. For example, medroxyprogesterone will bind in the breasts to progesterone receptors, which causes breast cells to divide after puberty and during the menstrual cycle, and also to glucocorticoid receptors, which causes cell division during pregnancy. This double-barreled assault on breast cells, explains C. Dominique Toran-Allerand, a developmental neurobiologist at Columbia University, probably led to the high rates of breast cancer in the study. "With Provera you are activating two receptors involved with cell division in the breast," she says, "and that's the culprit, not estrogen.""
• More than 50% Have Dropped HRT Treatment - WebMD, 10/9/03
• Hormone Replacement Replaced - WebMD, 10/8/03
• Conjugated Oestrogens/Trimegestone Improve Quality Of Life For Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 10/3/03 - "All of the groups of patients taking OE/TMG had a significantly greater improvement than those on placebo in terms of vasomotor symptoms, sleep difficulty, physiological symptoms, memory concentration, sexual behavior and attractiveness (p<0.05). However, depressed mood and anxiety or fear related symptoms were not impacted by OE/TMG therapy"
• Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy May Increase Risk of Ovarian Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 10/2/03
• Hope That Hormone Therapy Helps Heart - WebMD, 9/30/03 - "Women with heart failure who take hormone therapy are 40% less likely to die over a 3-year period. Adjusting for other heart risk factors, taking hormone therapy increased a woman's chances of 3-year, heart-failure survival from 58% to 78%"
• Postmenopausal Women Find New Vaginal Ring Delivery System Easy to Use - Doctor's Guide, 9/24/03 - "Postmenopausal women who tried a new vaginal ring delivery system find it is easy to use, comfortable, and highly acceptable"
• Estrogen Increases Bone Density Equally Regardless of Age or Race - Doctor's Guide, 9/24/03
• Possible Decreased Risk of Breast Cancer Mortality Among Users of Oestrogen Alone - Doctor's Guide, 9/23/03
• Oestrogen/Progestin Combination Does Not Improve Post-Menopausal Cognitive Function - Doctor's Guide, 9/23/03
• Increased Risk of Dementia in Postmenopausal Women on Hormone Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 9/19/03
• FDA Offers HRT Guidance - CBS News, 9/9/03
• Cessation of Hormone Replacement Results in Rapid Increase in Bone Turnover, Bone Loss - Doctor's Guide, 9/2/03 - "HRT withdrawal was followed by significant bone loss, with an annual rate ranging from -0.7 to -1.6% ... These findings have important implications for women who are given HRT for preventing the risk of osteoporosis"
• Low-Dose Oestrogen Increased Bone Density in Older Women Without Increasing Oestrogen-Associated Adverse Effects - Doctor's Guide, 8/26/03 - "They randomised 167 women, older than 65 years of age, to receive either 0.25 mg/day micronized 17beta-estradiol or placebo for 3 years ... patients treated with low-dose estradiol showed bone mineral density increases of 2.6% at the femoral neck, 3.6% of the total hip, 2.8% at the spine, and 1.2% in total body measurements. Similar bone mineral density changes were seen between those who received and did not receive progesterone"
• Oestrogen Plus Progestin May Increase The Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Post-Menopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 8/26/03
• Obesity, Estrogen Linked to Breast Cancer - WebMD, 8/19/03
• Hormone Replacement Therapy Beneficial in Post-Menopausal Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis - Doctor's Guide, 8/14/03 - "Women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who are receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT) show greater improvements in disease activity, inflammation, bone mineral density, and radiological progression than women not receiving HRT ... Treatment with HRT also led to better control of inflammation"
• Hormone Replacement Therapy Associated with Increased Risk for Breast Cancer; Risk is Higher with Oestrogen-Progestagen Combinations - Doctor's Guide, 8/12/03 - "Compared with women who had never used HRT, those who were users of HRT at the time of recruitment had a 1.66 adjusted relative risk to develop breast cancer and a 1.22 adjusted relative risk to die from breast cancer. Conversely, women who had used HRT 5 to 9 years previously, compared with never users, did not show an increased risk for incident breast cancer ... or fatal breast cancer"
• Oral, but Not Transdermal, Oestrogen Replacement Therapy Associated with Increased Risk of Venous Thromboembolism - Doctor's Guide, 8/12/03 - "Women currently using oral oestrogen-replacement therapy (ERT), compared with those using transdermal ERT and those not using ERT, show an increased risk for venous thromboembolism"
• Oral but not Transdermal Estrogen Replacement Therapy may Increase CRP Levels - Doctor's Guide, 8/11/03 - "Transdermal oestrogen appears to have no effect on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels after 6 months. In contrast, oral oestrogen may significantly increase CRP concentrations ... CRP is thought to promote the inflammatory component of atherosclerosis, and increased levels may be a strong predictor of cardiovascular events"
• Hormone Replacement Therapy Does Not Offer Protection Against Coronary Heart Disease - Doctor's Guide, 8/7/03
• Estrogen Patch May Have Lower Clot Risk - WebMD, 8/7/03 - "the odds of having a venous thromboembolism for users of oral HRT was more than three times greater than the risk found among estrogen patch and gel users or women who weren't on HRT"
• Sorting Out HRT Risks and Benefits - WebMD, 8/6/03
• Hormone Therapy May Hurt Heart Rhythm - WebMD, 7/30/03 - "When the QT interval gets longer, it's a sign that the heart may be developing rhythm problems, or arrhythmia ... Women taking estrogen-only HRT -- but not women taking combination estrogen/progestin HRT -- had twice the risk of prolonged QT interval compared with women who never took HRT"
• Estrogen Replacement Increases Risk Factors For Arrhythmia And Sudden Death - Doctor's Guide, 7/29/03
• Combo HRT Tied to Dementia in Older Women - Clinical Psychiatry News, 7/03
• Use Of Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy for 15 years or More Increases Breast Cancer Risk - Doctor's Guide, 7/8/03
• Estrogens as Antioxidants – Reducing Heart Disease in Younger Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 7/4/03 - "If LDL becomes oxidised its ability to cause heart disease increases. If HDL becomes oxidised its ability to protect against heart disease is lessened ... estrogens can act as antioxidants, which neutralise free radicals, and hence protect HDL from oxidation. In addition, high levels of HDL are able to protect LDL from oxidation, and this ability is strongly enhanced when estrogens are present ... Although recent randomised control trials have shown that HRT in older women may not reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease, Dr. Bhavnani believes that this is not the whole story"
• The Hormone Replacement Decision in Light of Study Findings-Women's Responses Differ - Doctor's Guide, 7/2/03
• New Low Dose Hormone Therapy Prempro (Estrogen/ Medroxyprogesterone) Available in US - Doctor's Guide, 7/1/03
• Oestrogen Plus Progestin Therapy Ups Risk of Breast Cancer, Risk of Advanced Stage at Diagnosis - Doctor's Guide, 6/25/03 - "randomly assigned to receive daily equine oestrogens (0.625 mg) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.5 mg) ... postmenopausal oestrogen plus progestin use significantly increases the incidence of breast cancer within a 5-year period"
• Menopausal Estrogen-Related Bone Loss Much Greater than Age-Related Bone Loss - Doctor's Guide, 6/25/03 - "In middle-aged women, age-related bone loss has a minor impact on the metabolic activity of bone compared to the impact of estrogen loss that accompanies menopause, which affects metabolic activity and bone density to a larger degree"
• Making the Case for HRT & Breast Cancer - WebMD, 6/24/03
• Specific Type of Cognition Improves with Hormone Replacement in Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 6/24/03 - "The oestrogen therapy had no effect on overall verbal recall; however, it reduced perseverative errors -- the repetition of words already recalled -- by almost half. Perseveration is an important part of verbal learning, representing either inability to inhibit a previously stated response or true forgetting that a response was already given"
• Managing Menopause: What to Do? - WebMD, 6/20/03 - "Hot flashes, mood changes, lost sleep, decreased sexual interest, vaginal changes such as dryness -- "Quality of life is big issue for many women," ... The vast majority of women, more than 60%, take hormone replacement therapy to relieve these symptoms ... Here's what works and what does not: ..."
• Low-Dose Birth Control Pill May Have Less Stroke Risk For Young Women - Doctor's Guide, 6/13/03
• Low-Dose Pill Doesn't Raise Stroke Risk - Doctor's Guide, 6/12/03
• Hormone Replacement Therapy Reduces Risk of Cataracts in Post-Menopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 6/11/03 - "Women who do not use hormone replacement therapy are twice as likely to develop lens opacities, and cataracts compared with women who do use HRT/oestrogen"
• FDA Approves New Strength of Prempro, Low Dose Hormone Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 6/9/03 - "Prempro 0.3 mg/1.5 mg is approved for the treatment of moderate to severe symptoms associated with menopause, such as hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness; and for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis."
• Alendronate/Hormone Replacement Therapy Combination Safe, More Effective Treatment for Osteoporosis in Elderly Women - Doctor's Guide, 5/30/03 - "after 3 years total hip BMD increased an average 5.9% in the combinatorial group, 4.2% in the alendronate only group, 3.0% in the HRT only group and was maintained in the placebo group"
• Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy May Increase Risk Of Dementia In Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 5/29/03
• Older Women Taking Combination Estrogen/Progestin May Be At Higher Risk For Probable Dementia - Doctor's Guide, 5/28/03
• HRT Now Linked to Alzheimer's, Dementia - WebMD, 5/27/03 - "Progestin has been shown to modify the beneficial effects of estrogen -- possibly increasing the risk of heart disease and dementia ... A woman's age when she begins taking HRT, how long she takes it, and if she gets it from a patch or a pill -- all could have an effect on her risk"
• Hormone Therapy: Steering the Middle Course - Physician's Weekly, 5/26/03 - "After reviewing the study design, I think the intent was to maximize resources and minimize expenses. To that end it was deliberately designed to recruit women who were older; two-thirds of the women in that study had to be older than 60 and the average age of the women was 63. Furthermore, because it was a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial, individuals with moderate to severe menopausal symptoms were encouraged not to participate"
• Oestrogen Plus Progestin Increases Risk of Stroke in Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 5/25/03
• Hormone Replacement Therapy/Alendronate Combination Safe, Effective for Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Older Women - Doctor's Guide, 5/21/03
• Hormone Replacement Normalises Cholesterol in African-American Women - Doctor's Guide, 5/18/03 - "randomised to daily combination HRT consisting of 0.625 of conjugated oestrogen and 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone ... Overall, the women had an 8% increase in total HDL cholesterol ... They found an 8% reduction in the ratio of LDL to HDL ... LDL composition measurements were not changed"
• HRT Does Little for Quality of Life - WebMD, 5/7/03
• Hormone Therapy Not Risky for Heart Disease in First Year - Doctor's Guide, 5/6/03
• Femhrt Increases Endothelial Dysfunction in Postmenopausal Non-Smokers - Doctor's Guide, 5/6/03 - "Femhrt subjects showed a statistically significant mean increase in vasodilation versus placebo in healthy women who never smoked ... Prempro and Evista showed no such endothelial benefits for this subgroup or the smoker group"
• Renin Substrate Levels Decrease with Transdermal Hormone Therapy and Increase with Oral Hormone Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 5/6/03 - "Oral Prempro (conjugated equine estrogen/medroxyprogesterone) appears to increase plasma levels of renin substrate (angiotensinogen) to a significantly greater extent than CombiPatch (estradiol/norethindrone) ... The problem is that increases in the renin substrate (RS) can trigger activity in [renin-angiogenesis-aldosterone system] that can lead, in turn, to higher blood pressure and, possibly, hypertension" - See CombiPatch at drugstore.com.
• Transdermal Hormones Better than Oral for Improving Women's Sexual Quality of Life - Doctor's Guide, 5/2/03 - "At end point (20 weeks), 33% of 81 women on CombiPatch eported improvement in Quality of Life scores compared to 17% of 84 on Prempro"
• HRT Increases Risk for Incontinence - WebMD, 4/30/03
• Anti-hip Fracture Efficacy Lost with Estrogen Cessation - Doctor's Guide, 4/29/03 - "We found a statistically significant correlation between ending estrogen and increased risk of hip fracture ... Among this sub-group, the current users showed a statistically significant reduced tendency toward hip fracture over never-users (0.10% of 67,973 vs. 0.28% of 53,737"
• FDA Approves Low Dose Premarin (Conjugated Estrogens Tablets) - Doctor's Guide, 4/28/03 - "Premarin® (conjugated estrogens tablets, USP) 0.45 mg contains 28 percent less estrogen than the standard 0.625 mg dose. Premarin 0.45 mg was approved for the treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause and the treatment of moderate to severe symptoms of vulvar and vaginal atrophy"
• Hormone Studies: What Went Wrong? - NY Times, 4/22/03 - "He said it was possible that estradiol, the estrogen women naturally produce and that goes directly to their bloodstream is protective. The estrogen in pills, metabolized by the liver before entering the blood, may be harmful. Neither the nurses' study nor the Women's Health Initiative addressed that question, Dr. Rossouw said"
• Estrogen Patch Compared To Pill Minimizes Cardiovascular Risk Factor In Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 4/15/03
• Estrogen Patch More Heart-Friendly Than Pills - WebMD, 4/15/03 - "the C-reactive protein increased to an average of almost twice their baseline levels when the women took oral estrogen replacement, but not when they were on the estrogen patch"
• Long-Term Estrogen Replacement Does Not Increase Patella Cartilage - Doctor's Guide, 4/8/03
• High Estrogen/Progestin Levels May Reduce Asthma Severity - Doctor's Guide, 3/19/03 - "women's lung function and asthma symptoms improve when estrogen and progesterone levels are raised, both naturally during certain times in the menstrual cycle and with the administration of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy"
• Progestin-Estrogen Therapy Debate Cools - WebMD, 3/17/03 - "Many women refused to be enrolled in the WHI study because they wanted to keep taking their hormones"
• Anti-estrogenic Effects of Hormonal Therapy May Impair Verbal Memory in Breast Cancer Patients - Doctor's Guide, 3/17/03 - "the women from the ATAC trial were significantly impaired on measures of verbal memory and processing speed, as compared with the controls. "And when hormone-replacement therapy in each group was accounted for, the deficits [in the ATAC patients] remained significant," ... animal studies show that estrogen levels affect the structure and function of the hippocampus and frontal lobes of the cortex, which are important for consolidating new memories. And some studies examining the effects of hormone replacement therapy in healthy postmenopausal women show it improves verbal memory and attention"
• FDA Approves Lower Dose Prempro (Conjugated Estrogens/ Medroxyprogesterone Acetate) - Doctor's Guide, 3/13/03
• Caffeine, HRT Affect Parkinson's Risk - WebMD, 3/12/03 - "caffeine reduces Parkinson's risk in women who don't take HRT -- but increases it in women who do take HRT"
• Tamoxifen May Head Off Heart Disease, Breast Cancer In Women Post-Hysterectomy - Doctor's Guide, 3/5/03
• Study Finds Breast Cancer Risk Due to Progestins in HRT - WebMD, 3/5/03 - "Women who take combination hormone replacement therapy for more than four years are at very high risk of breast cancer compared with women who have never used HRT. But estrogen-only HRT is virtually free of breast-cancer risk"
• Timing of HRT Key to Heart Disease Prevention - WebMD, 3/3/03 - "taking estrogen around the time of menopause may protect against heart disease, but starting it later in life increases the risk"
• Treating PMS With the Pill - WebMD, 2/27/03 - "The two-year-old pill, known by the trade name Yasmin, is the first to use the progestin drospirenone, which is believed to have diuretic properties because it is similar in structure to a water pill called spironolactone ... Prior to taking the contraceptive 30% of the women reported that PMS affected their daily activities, but that figure dropped to 16% for those on the pill. The number of women reporting that PMS affected their general well-being also dropped, from 35% prior to taking the birth control pill to 21% while on it"
• Endometrial Effects Of Norethindrone Acetate/Ethinyl Estradiol - Doctor's Guide, 2/27/02
• Yasmin (Drospirenone/Ethinyl Estradiol) Oral Contraceptive May Be Effective in Treating, Reducing Premenstrual Syndrome Symptoms - Doctor's Guide, 2/24/03
• Estrogen May Not Help Alzheimer's, Brain Size, or Memory - WebMD, 2/19/03
• Postmenopausal Vaginal Atrophy Creams Work With Raloxifene - Doctor's Guide, 2/19/03
• How Should Menopause Be Managed After the Women's Health Initiative? - Doctor's Guide, 2/17/03 - "According to the study's widely overlooked fact sheet, risks calculated from the study apply to the entire population. An individual's real increased risks from HRT are relatively small ... Dr. Carlson stated that there are some alternatives to HRT. Pooled study results in the Cochrane Collection show a reduction in vertebral fractures with bisphosphonate treatment. Raloxifene has also been shown to decrease vertebral fractures. In addition, it appears to reduce the risk of breast cancer by 70% and the risk of cardiovascular events by 40% in women with high risk factors. Adversely, hot flashes and venous thrombolytic events do tend to increase with this treatment. Androgen replacement therapies offer another treatment option"
• Hormone Therapy Raises Stroke Risk - Doctor's Guide, 2/17/03
• Increased Stroke Risk With Combo Hormone Replacement Therapy - WebMD, 2/14/03
• Low Estrogen Linked to Heart Disease - WebMD, 2/4/03 - "The[y] found that 69% of the premenopausal women who actually had coronary artery disease (CAD) had low estrogen levels due to abnormal functioning of the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that controls hormone production. These women also had low levels of the hormone estradiol and of follicle-stimulating hormone, which stimulates the ovary to produce estrogen. Less than a third of the women without CAD (29%) had low estrogen levels ... stress can lead to significant reductions in estrogen levels. She adds that the women with low estrogen levels in this study tended to be more anxious and reported higher levels of stress ... it is now believed that older women do not benefit because they have lost the estrogen receptors that allow them to respond to estrogen"
• Hormone Replacement Therapy Boosts Visual Function In Women - Doctor's Guide, 1/30/03 - "Overall, at one year after the start of treatment, contrast sensitivity function was significantly improved in all spatial frequencies (1.5, 3, 6 and 12 cycles per degree) with the exception of 18 cycles per degree in the HRT group. However, the women in the control group demonstrated significant impairment at the lowest spatial frequencies ... In the HRT versus control group, tear production was also significantly improved at one year after beginning the treatment"
• Most Women Not Quitting HRT - WebMD, 1/13/03
• HRT May Reduce Diabetes Risk - WebMD, 1/6/03 - "postmenopausal women with heart disease who took a combination of estrogen and progestin (Prempro) had a 35% lower risk of developing diabetes than those who took a placebo. The women on HRT also had more normal fasting blood sugar levels, which when high suggest the likely onset of diabetes"
• Transdermal Estradiol May Be An Effective Antidepressant - Clinical Psychiatry News, 1/03 - "The response to transdermal estradiol was “quite rapid,” compared with conventional antidepressants ... Moreover, transdermal estradiol's antidepressant effect remained significant during the 4-week washout period at the end of the 12-week study period"
• Designer Estrogen May Be Better Than HRT - WebMD, 12/18/02
• Estradiol Alone Does Not Increase Breast Cancer Risk - Doctor's Guide, 12/16/02 - "Hormone replacement therapy containing progestins significantly elevates breast cancer risk, but preparations containing estradiol alone do not, a large Swedish observational study suggests"
• HRT May Save Women's Sight - WebMD, 12/13/02 - "Women who take hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be more than 50% less likely to develop the common, sight-robbing condition known as macular degeneration as they grow older then women who have never used HRT"
• HRT May Reduce Progression of Age-Related Maculopathy - Medscape, 12/13/02
• Bone Loss Accelerated After Solo Estrogen Withdrawal For Some Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 12/10/02 - "An acceleration of bone loss is seen after withdrawal of oestrogen therapy but not after withdrawal of alendronate alone or combination therapy with oestrogen"
• Hormone Therapy Improves Women's Coronary Bypass Survival - Doctor's Guide, 12/9/02
• All Estrogens Deemed Cancer-Causing - WebMD, 12/3/02
• Continuous HRT Increases Risk of Lobular But Not of Ductal Breast Cancer - Medscape, 12/3/02
• Micro-CT Scans Provide 3-D Proof of Estrogen's Bone Benefit - Medscape, 12/3/02 - "A three-dimensional glimpse of bone micro-architecture suggests that estrogen replacement is an effective treatment for osteoporosis because it "protects and retains bone structure, rather than laying down new bone,""
• Estrogen Therapy Curbs Body Fat Mass In Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 12/3/02 - "One-year oestrogen treatment decreases intra-abdominal and intrapelvic fat compartments in healthy early postmenopausal women"
• Study Raises Questions About HRT In Diabetic Women - Intelihealth, 12/3/02 - "In diabetic women who hadn't experienced a recent heart attack, HRT was associated with a 16 percent lower risk of heart attack"
• Breast Cancer Risk Subsides After HRT - WebMD, 12/2/02
• Comparison of Hormone Replacement Therapies Finds Progesterone Causes Less Bleeding Than The Most Commonly Used Treatment May Also Be Less Likely to Cause Health Risks Identified in Recent Women's Health Initiative Study - Doctor's Guide, 11/1/02 - "a combination of estrogen and micronized progesterone (MP) causes fewer days and less intense bleeding than the most commonly used combination"
• Long-Term HRT Worsens Memory - WebMD, 10/28/02
• New Type of Drug Builds Bone -- and More - WebMD, 10/24/02
• Canceled HRT Trial Makes Women Anxious - WebMD, 10/24/02 - "The absolute risks are actually quite small. For example, the study projects that in 10,000 women, 38 would get invasive breast cancer when taking hormones, while 30 would get it if they were not taking HRT"
• Once Promising, Future of HRT Dwindles - WebMD, 10/23/02
• ERT Not Harmful in Women With Localized, Treated Breast Cancer - Medscape, 10/21/02
• More Experts Oppose Combined HRT - WebMD, 10/21/02
• Estrogen OK for Some After Breast Cancer - WebMD, 10/18/02
• Task Force Issues Caution On Combined Hormone Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 10/16/02
• Stroke Risks Linked With Initiation Of Hormone Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 10/11/02 - "The risk of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke doubles in the first six months of initiating hormone therapy in post-menopausal women"
• Nonoral HRT May Be Safer Alternative - WebMD, 10/10/02 - "Investigators conducting a small European study in which HRT was given in the form of estrogen skin patches and vaginally administered natural progesterone say these methods may be free of the cardiovascular risks that have recently been associated with oral hormone therapy. As an added benefit, postmenopausal women who were on the regimen for one year lost weight, lowered their blood pressure, and had less vaginal bleeding ... the weight loss and the decreases in blood pressure may have been associated with the use of natural progesterone in the HRT regimen, rather than the synthetic form of the hormone that is commonly used"
• Hormone Therapy Plus Alendronate Better for Bone Density than Hormone Therapy Alone - Doctor's Guide, 10/8/02
• Estradiol Acetate Vaginal Ring Accepted by Community Based Population of Women - Doctor's Guide, 10/4/02
• New Recommendations Reaffirm that Symptom Relief is Prime Indication for Hormone Replacement Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 10/4/02
• Lower-dose Hormone Therapy Improves Menopause Symptoms with Lower Side Effect Rates - Doctor's Guide, 10/4/02
• Hormone Therapy Cost-effective for Perimenopausal Symptoms - Doctor's Guide, 10/4/02
• Low-dose Hormone Therapy Improves Variables Associated with Dysmetabolic Syndrome, Cardiovascular Risk - Doctor's Guide, 10/4/02
• HRT Should Treat Menopause Symptoms - WebMD, 10/3/02
• Pivotal Study Results Show New, Plant-Derived Conjugated Estrogen Tablet to be Well-Tolerated and to Significantly Reduce Frequency and Severity of Menopausal Hot Flushes - Doctor's Guide, 10/3/02
• Hormone Replacement Reduces Severity of Vasomotor Symptom, Improves Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 10/2/02
• Femhrt Users Report Less Breakthrough Bleeding than Prempro Users - Doctor's Guide, 10/2/02
• Diabetic Women On Hormone Replacement Therapy Have Better Glycemic And Lipid Profiles - Doctor's Guide, 9/26/02
• Still Debated: HRT Helps Heart Health? - WebMD, 9/26/02 - "Is it HRT that makes the difference in women's health? Or are women who take HRT simply taking better overall care of themselves?"
• Hormone Replacement Therapy Has Only Positive Effects On Detection Of Breast Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 9/25/02
• Evidence Consistent For Hormone Replacement Therapy Risks Against Benefits - Doctor's Guide, 9/19/02
• Hormone Replacement Therapy may Improve Breast Cancer Detection and Survival Rate - Doctor's Guide, 9/13/02
• Good (Breast Cancer) News for HRT Users - WebMD, 9/12/02
• Estrogen Therapy Appears Safe For Women With Early Breast Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 9/10/02 - "Estrogen replacement therapy does not appear to increase risk of recurrence or death in women with early breast cancer"
• Hormone Replacement Therapy May Increase Circulating Activated Blood Platelets, Raising Risk for Cardiovascular Morbidity in Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 9/4/02
• Wyeth Updates Product Labels For Its Postmenopausal Hormone Therapies Provides New Safety Information For Physicians - Doctor's Guide, 9/4/02
• Long-Time Hormone Therapy Lowers Postmenopausal Homocysteine - Doctor's Guide, 8/14/02 - "long-term HRT results in lower total homocysteine concentrations in all methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotypes with no demonstrable difference in effect between unopposed and opposed hormone replacement therapy"
• U.S. To Re-Evaluate Therapy's Risks - Intelihealth, 8/14/02
• Subcutaneous Oestradiol Implants Have Anabolic Effect On Bone - Doctor's Guide, 8/7/02
• Hormones' Effect On Sleep Gets A New Look In Study - Intelihealth, 8/6/02 - "estrogen improved the breathing of postmenopausal women who have apnea"
• Are there any side effects to using the estrogen ring - Dr. Weil, 8/2/02 - "clinical trials showed only mild and transient vaginal discomfort, irritation or abdominal pain. Of more concern to some women is whether estrogen from the ring (and the creams) can be absorbed into your bloodstream and carried elsewhere in the body. This may not be a major problem. Studies have shown that when the vaginal lining has thickened in response to the hormone, it becomes more difficult to penetrate, reducing absorption of topical estrogen into the body"
• No Higher Risk of Endometrial Cancer Seen With Long-Term Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 8/1/02
• Estrogen Exhibits Neuroprotective Effect in Preliminary Analysis of Swedish Data - Doctor's Guide, 7/24/02
• Hormone Replacement Linked to Lower Plasma Concentrations of Beta-Amyloid - Doctor's Guide, 7/23/02 - "Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with lower plasma concentrations of beta-amyloid 1-40 in postmenopausal women with Alzheimer's disease (AD) ... When treatment with estradiol was discontinued, plasma concentrations of beta-amyloid 1-40 returned towards baseline in previously HRT-naïve women"
• Estrogen Therapy Increases Postmenopausal Ovarian Cancer Risk - Doctor's Guide, 7/17/02
• The Truth About Hormones - Time Magazine, 7/22/02 - "Some physicians say they are not going to change things in their practice at all and will be as proactive for HRT as they've ever been," he says. "Others say this will change their thinking dramatically."
• Short-Term Value To Estrogen Touted - Intelihealth, 7/11/02
• Questions and Answers About HRT - WebMD, 7/10/02
• Study On Risks Of Estrogen-Progestin Combination To Treat Symptoms Of Menopause Prompts Many - Intelihealth, 7/10/02
• Increased Risks Lead To Halt In Large US Estrogen/Progestin Trial - Doctor's Guide, 7/9/02 - "overall heath risks exceeded benefits from the use of conjugated equine estrogens (0.625 milligrams per day) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.5 mg/d), combined in one tablet"
• Stop Taking Prempro, Doctors Warn - WebMD, 7/9/02
• Should Anyone Take Hormones? - Time, 7/8/02
• Hormone Replacement Unsuccessful In Lowering Longer-Term Cardiac Risk In Coronary Heart Disease - Doctor's Guide, 7/3/02
• Venous Thromboembolism Rates Up After Longer-Term Hormone Replacement Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 7/3/02
• Patch May Cut Depression During Perimenopause - Clinical Psychiatry News, 7/02
• Researchers Discover Effects Of Exercise In Women Taking Hormone Replacement Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 6/7/02
• Irregular Periods In Young Women Could Be Warning Sign For Later Osteoporosis - Doctor's Guide, 5/29/02 - "Irregular menstrual periods in young women may be a warning sign of a hormonal shortage that could lead to osteoporosis"
• Treatment Dose Key To Bleeding Pattern With Hormone Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 5/23/02
• Vivelle-Dot (Estradiol Transdermal System) Now Approved In New, Low Dose For Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Prevention - Doctor's Guide, 5/21/02 - "Vivelle-Dot is now approved in the 0.025 mg/day dosage strength, providing among the lowest effective ERT dosage strengths available in the U.S. for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis"
• Oestradiol Implants Tied To Later Cognitive Problems - Doctor's Guide, 5/15/02
• Hormone Replacement Therapy not Associated With Weight Gain - Doctor's Guide, 5/8/02 - "Low dose regimens of conjugated equine estrogens alone or with medroxyprogesterone acetate are not associated with greater weight gain than is placebo ... the largest weight increase occurred in the placebo group", where the average patient in the 332-women group showed a greater than two-pound weight gain. The difference was statistically significant when compared with women who were taking the conjugated equine estrogens alone, and approached significance in the women who were taking the combination of medications"
• Treatment By Intrauterine Device May Thwart Early Endometrial Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 4/29/02
• Oestrogen-Androgen Replacement Significantly Benefits Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 4/26/02 - "Compared with oestrogen alone, oestrogen-androgen significantly increased total lean body mass and reduced the percentage fat for all body parts ... There was a statistically significant increase in weight in the oestrogen-androgen group (2.7 +/- 5.1 lb.) (1.22 +/- 2.31 kg.) compared with the oestrogen only group ... In self-reporting questionnaires, women who received oestrogen-androgen noted more improvement in sexual functioning and quality of life than the women who received oestrogen alone"
• Expert Panel Casts Doubt On Benefits From Hormone Replacement - Intelihealth, 4/18/02 - "While hormone therapy is the most effective way to relieve menopausal symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats, scientific evidence is insufficient to support its use for the other problems"
• High Levels of Sex Hormones Raise Breast Cancer Risk in Older Women - Doctor's Guide, 4/17/02 - "Postmenopausal women with high amounts of oestrogen and testosterone in their bloodstream are at over twice the risk of the disease as those with low levels of the hormones ... obesity is the biggest known reason for high levels of sex hormones among postmenopausal women ... women with raised levels of a molecule called sex hormone binding globulin, which reduces the activity of sex hormones, were at lower than usual risk. Interestingly, women who are obese have low levels of this molecule, which probably also helps to raise their risk of breast cancer"
• FDA Approves New Indication, Strength of Alora (Estradiol Transdermal System) for Prevention of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis - Doctor's Guide, 4/9/02 - "These approvals add a new indication, prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis, and a new strength, 0.025mg/day, to the Alora label"
• Investigation Of Bone Loss After Discontinuation Of Hormone Replacement - Doctor's Guide, 4/5/02
• Combining Statin With Estrogen May Maximise Post-Menopausal Cardiovascular Benefits - Doctor's Guide, 4/5/02 - "Oral estrogen alone increased the median level of C-reactive protein from 0.27 to 0.46 mg/dL, equivalent to a 70 percent rise. On the other hand, simvastatin decreased C-reactive protein levels from 0.29 to 0.28 mg/dL. Oral estrogen combined with simvastatin increased C-reactive protein levels by 29 percent from 0.28 to 0.36 mg/dL" - Note:  Red yeast rice is a non-prescription statin.
• Some Hormone Replacement Regimens Increase Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Risk - Doctor's Guide, 4/5/02
• Study Says Hormones May Be Heart Healthy - WebMD, 4/4/02
• Hormone Replacement May Halve Rate of Breast Arterial Calcification - Doctor's Guide, 4/4/02
• Hormone Replacement, Cancer Studied - Intelihealth, 4/3/02
• Hormone Therapy Linked to Ovarian Cancer - WebMD, 4/2/02 - "ovarian cancer risk almost doubled in those taking either estrogen alone or an estrogen plus progestin regimen in which progestin is not given every day (known as cyclic HRT). The researchers found no increased ovarian cancer risk in women taking continuous HRT, in which progestin is always given with estrogen"
• Gene Boosts Effect of Estrogen On "Good" Cholesterol - Doctor's Guide, 3/28/02
• Shortened Estrogen Therapy Just as Good - WebMD, 3/26/02
• The Pill Linked to Cervical Cancer - WebMD, 3/26/02
• Bone Loss Resumes at Normal Rate When Hormone Replacement Therapy is Stopped - Doctor's Guide, 3/25/02
• The Pill May Increase Breast Cancer - WebMD, 3/23/02
• Lower Engrogen Estradiol In Aged Tied To Cognitive And Behavioural Ills - Doctor's Guide, 3/22/02 - "Lower endogenous estradiol levels are linked in older people with poor cognitive function as well as with upsets in behaviours and activities of daily living"
• Tibolone Helps Postmenopausal Women To Recover Some Muscle Strength - Doctor's Guide, 3/19/02
• Serum Estradiol Correlates Poorly With Menopausal Symptoms - Doctor's Guide, 3/18/02
• Hormone Replacement Promotes Development In Extremely Premature Baby Girls - Doctor's Guide, 3/13/02
• Hormone Battle: Prempro vs. Activella - WebMD, 3/12/02 - "A new hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause causes less bleeding than Prempro, the most-prescribed HRT ... A report in the current issue of the journal Menopause shows that women who took Activella had less bleeding than women who took Prempro"
• Estradiol Via Matrix Patch Reverses Bone Loss - Doctor's Guide, 3/12/02 - "Transdermal estradiol delivered by matrix patch reversed bone loss in hysterectomized, post-menopausal women and produced few side effects"
• Estrogen Slows Development of Atherosclerosis in Women - Doctor's Guide, 3/12/02 - "women who take estrogen may decrease their risk of developing atherosclerosis -- the progressive narrowing and hardening of the arteries ... This finding suggests that estrogen may slow the progress of coronary calcification and plaque formation"
• Hormone Replacement Therapy Reduces Enlargement Of Sebum Follicular Reservoir Openings - Doctor's Guide, 2/25/02
• Hormone Replacement Can Prevent Venous Leg Ulcers In Elderly Women - Doctor's Guide, 2/21/02
• Older Women Have Tough Time With Depression - WebMD, 2/14/02 - "The message here is that older women who are being treated for depression, but are not getting better, might want to explore the option of estrogen replacement if the don't have any contraindications to it"
• Study Confirms HRT Ups Breast Cancer Risk - WebMD, 2/12/02 - "The risk of ductal cancer -- the most common form of breast cancer -- increases by 50% in women who have used HRT for five recent years ...If our results are correct, then nonusers of HRT would have an incidence of ductal cancer of about 230 per 100,000 women per year, whereas women with five years of recent HRT use would have a rate of 349 per 100,000 women per year"
• Estrogen Given To Suppress Height - Intelihealth, 2/6/02
• Long-Term, Lower-Dose Hormone Therapy Improves Postmenopausal Endothelial Function - Doctor's Guide, 2/6/02
• 'Fixing' Girls Who Are Growing Too Tall - WebMD, 2/5/02
• Hormone Therapy Relieves Menopause Symptoms - WebMD, 2/5/02 - "The latest study to weigh in on the benefits of hormone replacement therapy evaluated depression, energy levels, and other quality-of-life variables in a group of postmenopausal women enrolled in the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS), conducted between 1993 and 1998 ... Women reporting hot flashes or flushes had improved mental health and fewer symptoms of depression when they received HRT, compared with women who had similar symptoms but did not receive the therapy. Those without hot-flash symptoms who received hormone therapy actually had greater declines in physical function and energy levels, compared with women given placebos"
• Hormone Replacement Improves Blood Flow To Heart in Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 1/29/02 - "use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women with no coronary risk factors improves blood flow to the heart and may be helpful in preventing heart disease, the leading cause of death in menopausal women in the United States"
• Hormone Replacement Linked To Insulin Resistance, Regardless Of Adiposity - Doctor's Guide, 1/24/02 - "postmenopausal women taking oral estrogen, with or without progesterone, show a greater degree of insulin resistance than those not taking HRT, even allowing for total and abdominal adiposity"
• Improving Standards Of Hormone Replacement Therapy For Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 1/23/02 - "A combination of estradiol and trimegestone could be more effective for postmenopausal women than standard hormone replacement therapy containing estradiol valerate and norgestrel"
• Hormone In Contraceptive Fights Cancer - Intelihealth, 1/2/02 - "Progestin is the ingredient in oral contraceptive pills that provides the highest level of protection against ovarian cancer ... the cancer risk was cut by about 50 percent in all women taking pills containing the hormones estrogen and progestin ... However, women who took pills containing high levels of progestin reduced their risk of ovarian cancer by an additional 50 percent"
• Long-Term Estrogen Therapy Reduce Rates Of Non-Spine Fracture - Doctor's Guide, 12/28/01
• Hormone Replacement Therapy May Delay Cognitive Decline In Older Women - Doctor's Guide, 12/27/01 - "Lifetime exposure to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be associated with better maintenance of cognitive function in older women free of dementia ... those who also stand to lose the most cognitively -- women over age 85 -- appear to gain the most from HRT exposure"
• The Pill, Heart Risk Linked - Intelihealth, 12/20/01
• Hormone Replacement Therapy Can Reduce Blood Pressure - Doctor's Guide, 12/6/01
• Estrogen Therapy: Heart Smart or Not? - WebMD, 12/4/01
• Estrogen Reverses Artery Wall Thickening in Healthy Women - Doctor's Guide, 12/4/01
• Oral Estrogen May Aggravate Metabolic Abnormalities in Women with Growth Hormone Deficiency - Doctor's Guide, 11/30/01
• Hormone Replacement Therapy Linked to Increased Risk of Asthma Exacerbations - Doctor's Guide, 11/8/01
• Menopause Hormones, Dry Eyes Linked - Intelihealth, 11/7/01
• Estrogen Linked to Dry-Eye Syndrome - WebMD, 11/6/01 - "women using replacement hormones, like estrogen, are more likely to have dry eyes"
• Estrogen Replacement Therapy Helps Avoid Bone Thinning Due to Injectable Contraceptive - Doctor's Guide, 10/14/01
• Estradiol Beneficial In Treating Some Menopausal Women With Depression - Doctor's Guide, 10/9/01
• Doctor Offers Closest Recommendation Yet for Estrogen Use in Breast Cancer Survivors - Doctor's Guide, 10/8/01
• Similar Safety and Efficacy Seen Between High-dose and Low-dose Hormone Replacement Use - Doctor's Guide, 10/4/01
• Hormone Replacement Therapy Improves Endothelial/Vascular Health In Postmenopausal Women at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease - Doctor's Guide, 10/4/01
• Hormone Therapy May Increase Risk of Gallstones - WebMD, 10/1/01 - "women taking HRT, consisting of the female hormones estrogen and progestin, were 30% to 40% more likely to need gallbladder surgery ... Although the chance of HRT leading to gallstones was not great, the study of more than 2,200 postmenopausal women does raise concerns ... women taking statins -- the most popular type of cholesterol-lowering drug -- had a 45% drop in the chance they would need gallbladder surgery"
• Estrogen Patch May Improve Memory for Women with Alzheimer's - Doctor's Guide, 8/27/01
• Estrogen Patch Found to Improve Memory - WebMD, 8/27/01 - "after two months of wearing an estrogen patch, postmenopausal women with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease showed some improvement in both memory and thinking ability"
• Yasmin (Drosperinone/Ethinyl Estradiol) Found to Relieve Pre-Menstrual Symptoms - Doctor's Guide, 8/22/01
• No Periods, No Pain? - WebMD, 8/22/01
• Study: Estrogen Therapy Significantly Improves Bone Density In Elderly Women - Intelihealth, 8/15/01
• Estrogen Increases Bone Mass in Women Over 75 -  WebMD, 8/14/01
• Parkinson's Disease: Estrogen Could Help - WebMD, 8/7/01 - "women who had taken hormone replacement therapy had less severe symptoms than those who had never taken estrogen. The older the women were, the bigger the difference in symptoms was between those who had and had not taken estrogen ... There is also good evidence that taking estrogen after menopause helps prevent other brain problems that women with Parkinson's disease often suffer from, including memory problems and depression"
• American Heart Association Discourages HRT to Prevent Heart Disease - WebMD, 7/23/01
• Hormone therapy might not prevent heart disease - USA Today, 7/23/01
• New guidelines for hormone replacement therapy - CNN, 7/23/01
• Low-Dose Hormone Replacement Therapy Lowers Cholesterol in Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 7/18/01
• Growth Hormone, Alendronate And Tissue-Selective Estrogen All Effective In Osteoporosis - Doctor's Guide, 6/21/01
• Replacing Estrogen Via Skin Patch Decreases Nerve Activity, Blood Pressure in Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 6/19/01 - "administering replacement estrogen via a skin patch is superior to oral estrogen replacement therapy in lowering blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity - the neural control of blood pressure - in postmenopausal women"
• If Menopause Is Getting You Down, Estrogen May Help Pick You Up - WebMD, 6/21/01 - "Estrogen replacement therapy in women approaching menopause is believed to be protective against heart disease and the bone thinning that causes osteoporosis. Now there is growing evidence that the female hormone acts as a powerful antidepressant in these women too"
• Very Low Levels Of Estrogen May Effectively Prevent Fractures In Women - Doctor's Guide, 6/19/01
• Early Hormone-Replacement Therapy Helps Prevent Osteoporotic Fractures - Doctor's Guide, 6/14/01
• Estrogen After Menopause Improves Eye Health - WebMD, 6/13/01 - "Forget hot flashes -- the real reason to take hormone replacement therapy after menopause is because of the multitude of benefits on health. The latest research demonstrates that it may even save your vision"
• Hormone therapy: Doubts grow - USA Today, 6/13/01 - "If it's for hot flashes, it's clear it works. If it's for the prevention of anything (else), it's not clear yet."
• Estrogen's Benefit on Bone Questioned - WebMD, 6/12/01 - "If you're over age 60, it would seem that the evidence isn't as strong that it works. ... You might be better to consider an alternative medication where there is better evidence of effectiveness ... Those alternatives include drugs that have been proven effective for preventing and treating osteoporosis such as Evista, Fosamax, Actonel, and the hormone calcitonin"
• Estrogen Therapy Warning for Women With Thyroid Disease, Menopause Treatment, Birth Control Can Interfere With Medication - WebMD, 6/8/01
• Low Hormone Doses Work - Intelihealth, 6/5/01 - "low doses of estrogen and progestin worked as well as higher doses, with fewer side effects"
• Estrogen use best at a lower dose - USA Today, 6/3/01 - "lower doses of estrogen and progestin may provide nearly the same benefits as higher doses without some of the negative side effects"
• Hormone Replacement Therapy's Role in Cardiovascular Risk Remains A Mystery - Doctor's Guide, 5/17/01
• Heart Disease Risk Factors Affected by Choice of Pill or Patch in Hormone Replacement Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 5/17/01 - "If, for example, a woman has low HDLs, she might choose oral HRT since subjects in our study and other studies showed no change in the beneficial HDLs while on transdermal therapy. "On the other hand, a woman might want to select the patch if her triglycerides were already high, since oral therapy increases this factor which is associated with a higher risk of heart disease."
• Oral Contraceptive Use May Lower Colorectal Cancer Risk - WebMD, 4/19/01 - "Combined findings from several studies point to a lower risk of colorectal cancer in women who have used oral contraceptives"
• Study Rates Estrogen Alternative [Evista/raloxifene] - Intelihealth, 4/19/01 - "mimics estrogen in strengthening bones but without the increased risk of breast cancer ... did not have an overall effect on cognitive function ... Results of estrogen studies have been mixed, but taken together they suggest the hormone reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease by about 30 percent"
• Estrogen alternative doesn't protect mental function - USA Today, 4/18/01
• The pill might protect against colon cancer - USA Today, 4/16/01
• Study Indicates Contraceptive Might Protect Women From Bowel Cancer - Intelihealth, 4/16/01 - "women had about a 20 percent lower chance of developing the disease if they used oral contraceptives"
• New Study Questions Whether Therapy Benefits Healthy Bones - WebMD, 4/13/01 - "hormone replacement therapy, or HRT, may not be effective at preventing fractures among women who don't have established osteoporosis ... any usefulness of the therapy in preventing fractures may be restricted to those women who already have the brittle-bone disease ... no difference in the incidence of fractures and no difference in height loss between women taking hormone replacement -- either estrogen alone or estrogen plus progestin -- and women taking no hormones ... But Robert Recker, MD, disagrees that this new study rules out HRT or estrogen as an effective way to reduce fractures"
• Researchers Find Link For Estrogen's Power To Protect The Brain - Intelihealth, 4/12/01 - "Dubal used female rats whose ovaries were surgically removed - thereby eliminating estradiol production - and induced strokes in the animals by blocking an artery carrying blood to the brain. The rats given supplemental estrogen had far less brain damage than those from whom the hormone supplement was withheld"
• FDA Approves Low-Dose Climara (Estradiol Transdermal System) For Treatment Of Menopausal Symptoms - Doctor's Guide, 4/10/01
• Designer Estrogen Compares to Real Thing, Evista Has Advantages of Estrogen With Fewer Risks - WebMD, 3/21/01 - "Evista [raloxifene] may be the estrogen substitute that has all the advantages of estrogen but none of the risks"
• Estrogen Benefits Still in Question, Can It Protect Women From Mental Decline as They Age? - WebMD, 3/20/01 - "only women with postmenopausal symptoms experienced improvements in thinking or memory while taking HRT ... women who retain their reproductive capabilities longer -- and who are therefore exposed longer to natural estrogen -- had a higher risk of dementia than those with shorter reproductive periods ... high levels of natural estrogen are associated with poorer performance on some mental tasks ... estrogen can significantly increase the risk of ovarian cancer when given for long periods of time ... the study was [largely] done before doctors started adding progestin to estrogen to protect the ovaries ... We don't know what the effect of progestin is on ovarian cancer risk"
• Long-term estrogen use doubles cancer risk - USA Today, 3/20/01 - "Women who used estrogen replacement therapy for at least 10 years were twice as likely to die of ovarian cancer than women who never used it"
• Hormone therapy may benefit Type A's most - USA Today, 3/12/01
• Forget About Estrogen As Protection Against Stroke, Researchers Say - Doctor's Guide, 2/16/01
• Can Hormone Replacement Therapy Compromise a Mammogram's Accuracy? - WebMD, 1/9/01
• Estrogen Replacement Lowers Death Rate - Doctor's Guide, 1/8/01
• New Study Makes Hormone Replacement Decision Even Harder, Heart Health a Benefit -- But There Are Downsides - WebMD, 12/18/00
• Low-Dose Hormone Replacement Therapy Effective For Menopause Symptoms - Doctor's Guide, 10/26/00
• Link Suggested Between Estrogen Use And Asthma - Doctor's Guide, 10/24/00
• Is Hormone Replacement Therapy Linked to Risk of Asthma? - WebMD, 10/23/00
• Estrogen Therapy May Help Prevent Memory Decline In Elderly Women - Doctor's Guide, 10/11/00
• The Pill and Breast Cancer Risk: More Food for Thought - WebMD, 10/10/00
• Study Suggests Hormones In Menopause Reduce Artery Disease - Intelihealth, 9/11/00
• Estrogen May Help With Depression In Menopause - Doctor's Guide, 8/31/00
• Female Hormone Is One Smart Cookie - WebMD, 8/24/00
• Pill Doesn't Greatly Increase Risk of Blood Clots - WebMD, 8/18/00
• Newer Birth Control Pills Also Protect Against Ovarian Cancer - WebMD, 7/24/00
• New Evidence Shows Estrogen Protects Against Alzheimer's - WebMD, 7/7/00
• MRIs Show Slightly More Brain Decay in Women on Estrogen - WebMD, 7/6/00
• The Pill Ups Chance of Stroke -- But Few Women at Risk - WebMD, 7/5/00
• Study Backs Birth Control Pills - Intelihealth, 7/5/00
• The estrogen question: more than one answer for women at menopause - CNN, 7/3/00
• Estrogen Fails Test As Alzheimer's Treatment - Doctor's Guide, 6/13/00
• Hormones Said Raising Breast Cancers - Intelihealth, 6/1/00
• Hormone Replacement Therapy May Prevent Cognitive Decline in Older Women - Doctor's Guide, 5/23/00
• Older Women on Estrogen at Increased Risk for Needing Gall Bladder or Appendix Removed - Doctor's Guide, 5/16/00
• The Pill May Reduce Risk of Ovarian Cancer - WebMD, 4/20/00
• FDA Approves Activella (Estradiol/Norethindrone ) For Prevention Of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis - Doctor's Guide, 4/14/00
• Data Add To Questions About Estrogen Treatment And Heart - Intelihealth, 4/11/00
• Still No Evidence That Estrogen Is Helpful In Dementia - Doctor's Guide, 4/9/00
• Estrogen Replacement Lowers Risk Of Death In Women Post-MI - Doctor's Guide, 4/5/00
• Estrogen May Fuel Lung Cancer Growth - Doctor's Guide, 4/3/00
• Low-dose Estrogen Improves Endothelial Function In Post-menopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 3/13/00
• HRT May Not Be As Effective In Slowing Heart Disease As Once Thought - Doctor's Guide, 3/13/00
• Combination HRT Therapy More Effective In Treating Cholesterol Than Monotherapy - Doctor's Guide, 3/13/00
• Alzheimer’s Disease Progress Not Affected By Estrogen Replacement Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 2/22/00
• Breast Cancer Risk With HRT Is Small, Says Canadian Ob/Gyn Society - Doctor's Guide, 2/21/00
• Fewer Incidences Of Endometrial Cancer Recurrence In Patients Who Take Estrogen - Doctor's Guide, 2/7/00
• Estrogen Offers Hope Against HIV - Intelihealth, 2/1/00
• Estrogen/Progestin HRT Seems To Increase Risk Of Breast Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 1/25/00
• Estrogen Replacement Therapy Studied In Breast-Cancer Survivors - Doctor's Guide, 12/14/99
• Estrogen Reduces Risk Of Colorectal Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 10/28/99
• Claims Of Cardiovascular Benefits Of HRT May Be Premature, Researcher Says - Doctor's Guide, 10/1/99
• Estrogen Levels Linked To Head And Neck Cancers - Doctor's Guide, 9/28/99
• FDA Approves seven-day Estrogen Patch - Doctor's Guide, 9/23/99
• Scientists Suggest Genetic Shutdown Links Estrogen, Heart Disease - Doctor's Guide, 8/31/99
• Hormone Replacement May Slow Progression Of Periodontal Disease - Doctor's Guide, 8/30/99
• Does Estrogen Replacement Increase Breast Cancer Risk? - Dr. Dean, 7/22/99
• Weighing Risks And Benefits Of Hormone Replacement Therapy - Dr. Dean, 7/22/99
• Cenestin Now Available In The U.S. For Menopause Symptoms - Doctor's Guide, 7/20/99
• Low Dose HRT Prevents Bone Loss - Doctor's Guide, 7/12/99
• Vivelle-Dot Now Available In The U.S. For ERT - Doctor's Guide, 7/6/99
• Androgen Therapy Helps Increase Muscle Mass, Decreases Adipose Tissue - Doctor's Guide, 6/14/99
• Combined Hormone Therapy Increases Muscle, Decreases Fat In Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 6/14/99
• Postmenopausal HRT Linked To Certain Types Of Breast Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 6/8/99
• Postmenopausal Bone Loss Prevented With Low Dose HRT Plus Calcium - Doctor's Guide, 6/2/99
• Low-Dose Estrogen May Increase Risk Of Endometrial Cancer - Doctor's Guide, 5/28/99
• How hormone replacement therapy protects against heart disease - CNN, 5/10/99
• Vivelle-Dot Available In The U.S. For Menopause Symptoms - Doctor's Guide, 5/10/99
• HRT Should Be Considered When Determining Breast Cancer Treatment - Doctor's Guide, 5/5/99
• Report Claims Estrogen Fails To Aid Flagging Intellect - Intelihealth, 5/4/99
• Study: Nonmedical Factors May Sway Hormone Replacement Decisions - Intelihealth, 4/12/99
• Estrogen Affects Brain Activity In Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 4/7/99
• FDA Approves Prometrium For Use With Hormone Replacement Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 12/21/98
• Estrogen May Have Beneficial Effect For Men With Myocardial Ischemia - Doctor's Guide, 12/16/98
• Blood Is Less Sticky With Estrogen Replacement Therapy - Doctor's Guide, 12/10/98
• Estrogen Beneficial As Parkinson's Treatment - Doctor's Guide, 10/13/98
• Estrogen May Reduce Colorectal Cancer Risk In Postmenopausal Women - Doctor's Guide, 9/24/98
• Fosamax Added To Ongoing HRT Increases Bone Mass - Doctor's Guide, 9/14/98
• Very Low Levels Of Estrogen May Effectively Prevent Fractures In Women - Doctor's Guide, 9/10/98
• HRT Effective Over Time In Preventing Hip Fractures - Doctor's Guide, 6/19/98
• Adding Androgen To Estrogen Therapy Can Yield Benefits Postmenopause - Doctor's Guide, 5/12/98
• Benefits of estrogen therapy stack up - CNN, 5/3/98
• Estrogen Reduces Severity of Early Parkinson's Disease - Doctor's Guide, 4/30/98
• Hormone Replacement Therapy Reduces Bad Cholesterol - Doctor's Guide, 3/16/98
• New Dose Of Leading Hormone Replacement Therapy Approved In U.S. - Doctor's Guide, 1/27/98
• Plant-Based Estrogen May Prevent Osteoporosis At Lower Dose - Doctor's Guide, 12/5/97
• Estrogen Quickly Reduces Lipoprotein (a) but How Remains a Mystery - Doctor's Guide, 9/22/97
• Estrogen Plus Androgen Therapy Improves Libido, Reduces Hot Flashes - Doctor's Guide, 8/8/97
• Estrogen Benefits the Eyes, Study Shows - Doctor's Guide, 6/9/97
• Estrogen Replacement Therapy May Prevent Osteoarthritis - Doctor's Guide, 9/29/96

Abstracts:

• Role of androgens in women's sexual dysfunction - Menopause. 2010 Jun 8 - "Significantly lower levels of two precursor hormones, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and androstene-3beta,17beta-diol, were found in women with sexual dysfunction ... Although the significance of the former awaits further study, androgen deficiency in women with HSDD was not confirmed. Given the unknown long-term effects of testosterone supplementation, women receiving testosterone therapy should be informed that a deficit of testosterone activity in women with HSDD has not been identified" - See DHEA at Amazon.com.
• Efficacy and safety of low-dose regimens of conjugated estrogens cream administered vaginally - Menopause. 2009 May 8 - "At week 12, improvements in VMI with daily and twice-weekly use of low-dose CE cream (27.9% and 25.8%, respectively) were significantly greater compared with placebo (3.0% and 1.0%, respectively; P < 0.001). Improvements in vaginal pH with daily and twice-weekly CE cream (-1.6 for both) were also significantly greater relative to placebo (-0.4 and -0.3, respectively; P < 0.001). VMI and vaginal pH responses were sustained through 52 weeks. Both CE cream regimens significantly reduced most bothersome symptom scores compared with placebo (P </= 0.001), including those for dyspareunia (P </= 0.01). There was no report of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma. Adverse events occurred with similar frequency among the active and placebo groups during the double-blind phase"
• Low-risk factor profile, estrogen levels, and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women - Int J Cancer. 2008 Nov 7 - "the risk of breast cancer was markedly lower for women with a favourable risk profile than for other women and lower estrogen levels is a possible explanation"
• Estrogen and hypertension - Curr Hypertens Rep. 2006 Oct;8(5):368-76 - "emerging evidence from recent clinical trials indicates a small increase, rather than decrease, in systolic BP with oral estrogen administration in postmenopausal women, without any detectable effect on diastolic BP ... transdermal delivery of estrogen, which avoids the first-pass hepatic metabolism of estradiol, appears to have a small BP-lowering effect in postmenopausal women and may be a safer alternative in hypertensive women"
• Combined Estrogen and Testosterone Use and Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women - Arch Intern Med, 7/24/06 - "Among women with a natural menopause, the risk of breast cancer was nearly 2.5-fold greater among current users of estrogen plus testosterone therapies ... Women receiving PMHs with testosterone had a 17.2% (95% confidence interval, 6.7%-28.7%) increased risk of breast cancer per year of use"
• Effects of a New Hormone Therapy, Drospirenone and 17-{beta}-Estradiol, in Postmenopausal Women With Hypertension - Hypertension. 2006 Jun 26 - "these data show that DRSP combined with E2 significantly reduces BP in postmenopausal women with hypertension and did not induce significant increases in serum potassium"
• Short-term use of estradiol for depression in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a preliminary report - Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Aug;160(8):1519-22 - "Some perimenopausal women with depression may benefit from short-term use of estrogen therapy"
• Does grapefruit juice increase the bioavailability of orally administered sex steroids? - Ceska Gynekol. 2003 Mar;68(2):117-21 - "The mean area under curve (AUC) of estradiol rose significantly to 117% ... Our results suggest that grapefruit juice may increase bioavailability of orally administered estradiol and progesterone. The response varies markedly between individuals. This observation may be of some importance also for users of OC and HRT"
• Combination Therapy With Hormone Replacement and Alendronate for Prevention of Bone Loss in Elderly Women - JAMA, Vol. 289 No. 19, May 21, 2003 - "Participants were randomly assigned in a 2 x 2 factorial design to receive hormone replacement (conjugated equine estrogen, 0.625 mg/d, with or without medroxyprogesterone, 2.5 mg/d) and alendronate, 10 mg daily ... Bone mineral density at 3 years was significantly greater at all femoral and vertebral sites in women treated with combination therapy than with monotherapy"
• Periodontitis in Estrogen-Deficient Women - Archives of Internal Medicine, 12/9/02 - "The influence of estrogen deficiency directly on alveolar bone seems likely to only partially explain the association between the lack of estrogen and tooth loss. Many studies suggest a beneficial influence of estrogen directly on gingival and periodontal tissues even though this concept is not mentioned in recent reviews of risk factors for periodontal disease ... We continue to see nonsmoking women without diabetes mellitus in their 50s and 60s whose periodontal disease is strikingly improved within a few months following the onset of systemic estrogen therapy without other interventions"
• Hormone Replacement Therapy and Incidence of Alzheimer Disease in Older Women: The Cache County Study - JAMA, 11/6/02 - "Prior HRT use is associated with reduced risk of AD, but there is no apparent benefit with current HRT use unless such use has exceeded 10 years"
• Bone Mass Response to Discontinuation of Long-term Hormone Replacement Therapy: Results From the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Safety Follow-up Study - Archives of Internal Medicine, 3/26/02 - "Rates of BMD loss among women who stopped HRT during or after the PEPI-RCT [Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions randomized controlled trial] did not differ significantly from those of women who did not undergo HRT, who lost bone at a rate of approximately 1% yearly during the first year of the PEPI-RCT and about half that rate afterward. Women who continued HRT after the PEPI-RCT did not show additional BMD gains"
• Endogenous Estradiol in Elderly Individuals: Cognitive and Noncognitive Associations - Archives of Neurology, 3/02 - "Lower E2 [estradiol] levels are correlated with poor cognitive, behavioral, and functional status in older individuals"
• Hormone Replacement Therapy in Relation to Breast Cancer - JAMA, 2/13/02 - "Our data add to the growing body of evidence that recent long-term use of HRT is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and that such use may be related particularly to lobular tumors"
• Does hormone replacement therapy inhibit coronary artery calcification? - Medline, 6/97 - "The lower incidence of coronary calcium in the HRT users suggests that HRT is associated with decreased prevalence of the coronary calcification."